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Hello everyone, I welcome you to another lecture
from the Conservation and Sustainable Use

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of Animal Genetic module, the topic of which
is: Application of breeding programmes, primary

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and applied research in livestock breeding
and genetic resources.

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In the first part of the presentation, we
will focus on breeding programs.

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Breeding programs represent the long-term
goals and means of breeding.

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They are mainly a synthesis of theoretical
knowledge and practical experience, which

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are combined in order to ensure the production
of economically significant properties in

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the best or most efficient animals in the
population.

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Breeding programs mainly include selection
methods and mating programs.

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In order to achieve long-term breeding goals,
it is necessary to adjust or adapt livestock

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animals to local conditions and the production
environment through appropriate breeding programs.

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This adaptation takes place through genetic
adaptation, and it mainly includes adaptation

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to the natural conditions of the environment
or the requirements for the sale of economic

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production.

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Factors that influence the genetic adaptation
of individuals to the local environment are

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economic, ecological and local traditions
of breeding and processing farming products.

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It follows from the necessity of breeding
to adapt to local conditions that the aim

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of breeding is not to maximize the genetic
potential of individuals but to optimize genetic

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potential of individual.

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This is because it is often impossible to
improve the production environment where the

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animals are kept.

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Optimising breeding programs aims to increase
production efficiency and improve product

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quality.

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This improvement can be achieved through planning:
appropriate definition of the breeding goal,

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selection of suitable populations, accurate
estimation of population parameters, correct

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determination of economic coefficients and
last but not minor, appropriate creation of

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mating plans.

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Because, for example, in pig breeding, but
not only there, but the production of the

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final product is also realised in production
farms, while breeding programs are implemented

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in breeding farms.

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This results in a significant step, such as
the rapid transfer of breeding progress from

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the area of breeding to the area of production.

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The effort of this step is to make the time
delay in the transfer of breeding progress

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as short as possible.

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The basic types of breeding programs include
the selection program, which uses an additive

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component of genetic variability.

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The selection program, as the name implies,
works mainly with selection and estimation

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or prediction of breeding value, heritability
coefficient and genetic gain.

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Breeding programs that use the additive components
of genetic variability are purebred breeding,

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a special type of purebred breeding is inbreeding,
as well as line breeding and Gradian up crossing.

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Another primary type of breeding programs
is the hybridization program, which mainly

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uses the non-additive component of genetic
variability.

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The hybridization program primarily works
with the complementarity of alleles and total

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heterosis effect, including the individual
heterosis, positional and nonlinear effects.

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Among hybridization programs, we include breeding
methods using a non-additive components of

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genetic variability.

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Among these breeding methods, we have, firstly,
utility crossing methods without selection

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for special combinational continuity and breeding
methods using the effects of the heterosis

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effect with selection for special combinational
continuity.

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Among the forms of crossing methods without
selection for special combination continuity,

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we include simple utility crossing without
further use of hybrids in breeding, as well

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as rotational crossing and interspecies crossing.

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Among the methods of breeding that use the
effects of the heterosis effect with selection

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for special combinational continuity, we include
cross-line breeding, crossing of inbred lines

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and repeated selection for combinational continuity.

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Factors that increase the utility of production
properties in selected populations can be

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divided similarly to the phenotypic value
into genetic and non-genetic factors.

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Genetic factors include knowledge of the current
population, knowledge of the genetic parameters

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of the current population, correct choice
of breeding measurements, breeding programs,

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performance control, heredity control, testing
and many others.

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Furthermore, the genetic factors include the
choice of selection criteria and the intensity

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of selection, and last but not minor, the
knowledge of the gene flow and, subsequently,

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the selection of a suitable breeding methods.

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Among the non-genetic factors that influence
the rate of progress in productivity is the

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incorporation of suitable genotypes into a
given environment.

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It is mainly about the correct selection of
the genotype for the given climatic conditions,

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the specific method of stabilization, or the
given technology.

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In addition, non-genetic factors include animal
nutrition, level of breeders and level of

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service.

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Livestock breeding perspectives focus on the
economics of agricultural products and the

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creation of active health.

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Active health includes, for example, the detection
of genetic diseases, the increase of genetically

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determined resistance to diseases and others.

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The breeding perspective of farm animals also
provides for the breeding of secondary traits

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such as longevity, length of production life,
exterior, etc., determination of the genetic

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basis and genetically determined differences
in the feed utilization or evaluation of animals,

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which will lead to a more accurate estimation
of the breeding values and population testing.

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In this second part of the lecture, we will
focus on the difference between primary and

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applied research in breeding.

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Under primary research, we should imagine
studying physiological processes and their

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influence using gene manipulation, chromosome
mapping, or chromosome cloning.

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On the contrary, we should imagine applied
research as the study and characteristics

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of a specific production environment and the
characteristics of each population (in specific

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environmental conditions).

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Applied research, for example, deals with
how it is possible to apply genetic factors

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for breeding progress suitably in specific
environmental conditions.

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In the last part of the presentation, we will
focus on definitions of genetic resources.

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Currently, 250 livestock breeds are endangered
in Europe alone.

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In the Czech Republic, for example, in cattle,
they are the Czech Red and the Czech spotted

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cattle.

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In pigs, the Przeštice black-spotted.

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In sheep, the Šumava sheep and the Wallachian
sheep.

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In horses, the gene resources include the
Starokladruber horse, the Silesian Norik and

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the Hucul horse.

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The importance of preserving endangered breeds
lies in the maintenance of the cultural and

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historical wealth of the nation, in addition
to the fact that these breeds are a reserve

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of specific, as yet underappreciated genes
from the point of view of the so-called overcoming

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of selection limits, which include, for example,
the preservation of an essential source of

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genetic variability, not anticipating future
breeding goals, resistance to new, as yet

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unknown diseases, or resistance to new environmental
conditions.

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Another reasons for preserving the genes of
endangered breeds is the possibility of production

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under unfavourable, often specific environmental
conditions and, last but not minor, a better

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understanding of the process of domestication,
evolution and natural or artificial selection.

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The conservation possibilities of genetic
resources are either In Situ or Ex Situ.

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By the term In Situ, we understand the breeding
of live animals in small population at the

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place of origin.

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This possibility of preservation enables the
adaptability of individuals to possible change

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in environmental conditions.

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On the contrary, by the term Ex Situ, we mean
the conservation of frozen semen, for example,

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for possible gradian up crossing in the event
of the extinction of living population and

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the preservation of frozen embryos.

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In addition, this option allows the protection/conservation
of the original population far from the place

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of origin.

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As mentioned at the beginning of the lecture,
breeding is optimizing a given population

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for given environmental conditions.

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Even the populations included in the genetic
resources are subject to the breeding process.

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Due to that, these populations must be constantly
adapted to changing environmental conditions.

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Our breeding procedures include the selection
of parents next generation.

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Selection methods for populations included
in genetic resources include individual selection,

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where we select the individuals best adapted
to local environmental conditions.

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Second method is family selection, when we
select entire families based on the chosen

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selection criteria; combined selection is
when the best individuals from the best families

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are selected.

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And finally, family selection, when the best
individuals of each family are selected.

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Breeding process in small populations can
be summarized in the following steps:

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Determination of the breeding goal.

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Selection of suitable selection criteria.

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Optimization of the selection program, control
of performance and health, evaluation of monitored

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properties, selection and breeding, monitoring
and control of population development and,

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in the last step, expansion of the genetic
material.

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In this presentation, we introduced the basic
principles of the application of breeding

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programs, further stated the differences between
primary and applied research in livestock

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breeding and defined breeding procedures in
the endangered populations included in genetic

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resources.

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Thank you for your attention, and I look forward
to meeting you at the following presentations.