0:00:01.250,0:00:07.550 The topic of today's lecture is The contemporary importance of goats (individual breeds) - in 0:00:07.550,0:00:13.099 the production of food extremely necessary for people with disease problems. 0:00:13.099,0:00:20.400 The lecture is part of Module 4: Precision Livestock Farming, that is a part of the ISAGREED 0:00:20.400,0:00:21.400 project. 0:00:21.400,0:00:27.470 This presentation was supported by Erasmus+ KA2 Cooperation Partnerships Grant "Innovation 0:00:27.470,0:00:33.800 of the content and structure of study programmes in the field of management of animal genetic 0:00:33.800,0:00:38.680 and food resources using digitalization". 0:00:38.680,0:00:46.090 As part of the lecture, we will first talk about domestication and worldwide distribution 0:00:46.090,0:00:47.649 of goats. 0:00:47.649,0:00:50.289 Then we will explain goat breeds classification. 0:00:50.289,0:00:59.100 Next, we will briefly talk about goat products and their utilization, namely goat milk, goat 0:00:59.100,0:01:03.449 meat and goat fat. 0:01:03.449,0:01:10.470 The domestic goat belongs, together with sheep, to the oldest domesticated species of animals 0:01:10.470,0:01:11.930 used for economic purposes. 0:01:11.930,0:01:22.400 The area of the so-called Fertile Crescent is considered to be the center of domestication, 0:01:22.400,0:01:28.130 from where goats then spread throughout the world, and the beginnings of domestication 0:01:28.130,0:01:35.360 are dated to approximately 11,000 years before the present. 0:01:35.360,0:01:42.750 The conclusions of the studies are not entirely uniform on the origin of the domestic goat. 0:01:42.750,0:01:50.520 Previously, a so-called polyphyletic origin was assumed, meaning several possible wild 0:01:50.520,0:01:53.360 ancestors species. 0:01:53.360,0:02:01.180 According to the latest studies, there was probably only one ancestor, the Bezoar goat. 0:02:01.180,0:02:07.400 The bezoar goat is currently found in the mountain regions of South-Eastern Europe, 0:02:07.400,0:02:13.709 Asia Minor, and Central Asia as far as Afghanistan. 0:02:13.709,0:02:20.860 In Europe, it is still found in the wild in the territory of Greece, especially in Crete. 0:02:20.860,0:02:27.750 The name of the bezoar goat is derived from the bezoars, spherical formations of glued 0:02:27.750,0:02:32.269 fur, and plant debris found in its foreguts. 0:02:32.269,0:02:39.800 In the past, bezoars were attributed to magical or healing powers, and goats were widely hunted 0:02:39.800,0:02:43.830 for them. 0:02:43.830,0:02:50.540 From the above figure, it is clear that goat farming is currently most widespread in the 0:02:50.540,0:02:54.970 developing countries of Asia and Africa. 0:02:54.970,0:03:03.550 The countries with the highest number of goats include India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, 0:03:03.550,0:03:08.659 Ethiopia, Chad, Kenya, and Sudan. 0:03:08.659,0:03:12.690 From European countries, it is Greece and Spain. 0:03:12.690,0:03:22.790 In total, there are more than 850 million of goats, representing about 1.150 different 0:03:22.790,0:03:24.799 breeds. 0:03:24.799,0:03:32.560 Breeds represent the basic taxonomic unit of animal breeding. 0:03:32.560,0:03:38.629 The breed is a specific group of domestic animals having a homogeneous appearance (phenotype), 0:03:38.629,0:03:47.420 homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish them from other organisms 0:03:47.420,0:03:49.849 of the same species. 0:03:49.849,0:03:55.910 These characteristics are genetically determined; therefore, they are passed to the progeny. 0:03:55.910,0:04:00.569 We can classify breeds according to various criteria. 0:04:00.569,0:04:08.410 Here is a classification of goat breeds according to their performance presented. 0:04:08.410,0:04:15.599 We distinguish between meat breeds, which include, for example, the Boer goat, dairy 0:04:15.599,0:04:20.200 breeds, which is, for example, the Saanen goat. 0:04:20.200,0:04:28.190 Then woolly or hairy breeds include the Angora and Cashmere goats, and last but not least, 0:04:28.190,0:04:35.970 there are many dual or multipurpose breeds, for example, the Anglo-Nubian goat. 0:04:35.970,0:04:45.910 So now we will move on to specific products and start with milk production. 0:04:45.910,0:04:57.259 According to FAO statistics, the global production of goat's milk is around 19 million tons annually. 0:04:57.259,0:05:05.500 More than half of this value is produced in Asia, followed by Africa with roughly a quarter, 0:05:05.500,0:05:10.220 European countries contribute 15%. 0:05:10.220,0:05:14.919 America and Oceania have the lowest production. 0:05:14.919,0:05:23.081 The graph also shows a continuous increase in production, especially in Asia, where this 0:05:23.081,0:05:32.830 increase between 2007 and 2017 amounts to almost 28%. 0:05:32.830,0:05:42.319 The increase can be explained by a higher need for food and made possible by increasing 0:05:42.319,0:05:48.500 productivity due to breeding and improving breeding conditions. 0:05:48.500,0:05:56.949 Goat milk characteristics Goat's milk, like cow's milk, belongs to the 0:05:56.949,0:06:02.360 so-called casein-type milk, where casein is the predominant protein. 0:06:02.360,0:06:07.770 The content of the main components of goat's and cow's milk is shown in the table, where 0:06:07.770,0:06:11.800 you can see that the differences are not significant. 0:06:11.800,0:06:31.860 Goat's milk contains, on average, 84.8 - 88.8% of water, 11 - 15% of solids, 4.2 - 4.6 % of 0:06:31.860,0:06:49.630 lactose, 3.2-4.2% of fat, 3.3-3.8% of protein, and 0.75-0.95% of ash. 0:06:49.630,0:06:55.090 If we look at the composition in more detail, there are specific differences. 0:06:55.090,0:07:01.879 In some cases, goat's milk can be more suitable than cow's milk from a dietary perspective, 0:07:01.879,0:07:06.020 especially regarding various allergies. 0:07:06.020,0:07:13.580 Average size of the fat globules are much smaller in goat milk compared to that of the 0:07:13.580,0:07:14.840 cow milk. 0:07:14.840,0:07:21.890 Goat milk contains higher level of essential fatty acids and higher level of caprylic and 0:07:21.890,0:07:24.980 caprin acids. 0:07:24.980,0:07:31.950 Lactose is the major carbohydrate in goat milk and the content is slightly lower than 0:07:31.950,0:07:33.860 in cow milk. 0:07:33.860,0:07:41.020 Goat milk is significantly rich in lactose-derived oligosaccharides compared to cow milk. 0:07:41.020,0:07:48.530 Goat milk has a higher vitamin A content than cow milk, it is also a good source of vitamins 0:07:48.530,0:07:54.229 such as D, E, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. 0:07:54.229,0:08:02.190 Goat milk is reported to have a higher content of Potassium, Calcium,Phosphorus, Selenium, 0:08:02.190,0:08:05.330 Zinc and Copper than cow milk. 0:08:05.330,0:08:14.110 Goat milk contains a significantly lower level of αs-1 casein, a major allergen in bovine 0:08:14.110,0:08:18.080 milk. 0:08:18.080,0:08:24.259 Due to these characteristics, goat's milk is often referred to as a so-called "functional 0:08:24.259,0:08:29.970 food", which contains easily digestible fats and proteins. 0:08:29.970,0:08:37.659 Due to the overall better nutrient uptake efficiency, it is considered ultra-nourishing. 0:08:37.659,0:08:47.670 The low lactose content and lower representation of allergenic proteins are also appreciated. 0:08:47.670,0:08:58.470 It is also reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect, strengthening heart activity and immunity. 0:08:58.470,0:09:04.360 Goat's milk is often recommended as a prebiotic dietary supplement. 0:09:04.360,0:09:10.560 Some studies also looked at its anti-carcinogenic effect. 0:09:10.560,0:09:17.649 Despite all these favorable properties, goat's milk also has certain negatives, including 0:09:17.649,0:09:24.829 a specific taste and smell that some people may be sensitive to. 0:09:24.829,0:09:32.041 Many products, such as cheeses, butter, and yogurts, are made from goat's milk. 0:09:32.041,0:09:40.329 Goat's milk is also used in various cosmetic products, most often different skin creams 0:09:40.329,0:09:43.970 and body milks. 0:09:43.970,0:09:47.480 The second main product of goat breeding is meat. 0:09:47.480,0:09:55.050 It is clear from the graph that, similar to goat milk, most goat meat is produced in Asia 0:09:55.050,0:09:57.149 and Africa. 0:09:57.149,0:10:06.079 The top three goat meat producers in 2021 included China, with a production of more 0:10:06.079,0:10:13.100 than 2.5 million tons, followed by India and Pakistan. 0:10:13.100,0:10:21.250 A year-on-year comparison shows a continuous increase, with global production rising from 0:10:21.250,0:10:35.529 around 2.7 million tonnes in 1990 to around 6.4 million tonnes in 2021. 0:10:35.529,0:10:46.670 A significant advantage of goat meat is that, unlike beef or pork, its consumption has no 0:10:46.670,0:10:54.809 restrictions for cultural or religious reasons. 0:10:54.809,0:11:00.959 Most of the production is made up of slaughtered kids, which provide the best quality meat 0:11:00.959,0:11:08.779 and have a better carcass yield of 60 - 65 % compared to adult animals. 0:11:08.779,0:11:16.709 The dressing percentage for adult animals usually is at most 50%. 0:11:16.709,0:11:22.250 The dressing percentage is determined as a percentage of the weight of the processed 0:11:22.250,0:11:32.110 carcass body, which you can see in the picture from the animal's live weight. 0:11:32.110,0:11:40.380 Goat meat can be characterized as red meat with good nutritional value, low-fat content, 0:11:40.380,0:11:45.079 high protein, vitamin B, and iron content. 0:11:45.079,0:11:53.800 Disadvantages are a stiffer texture and less juiciness, possibly also a specific taste 0:11:53.800,0:11:59.639 and smell associated with the content of 4-ethyl octanoic acid. 0:11:59.639,0:12:12.040 As for the nutritional value, 100 g of cooked goat meat contains approximately 144 kilocalories, 0:12:12.040,0:12:24.880 3 g of fat, 27 g of protein, and 75 mg of cholesterol. 0:12:24.880,0:12:35.870 Compared to other types of meat, goat meat comes out well in all parameters. 0:12:35.870,0:12:42.779 Thanks to the low content of fats, especially saturated, it is a suitable food for overweight 0:12:42.779,0:12:43.779 people. 0:12:43.779,0:12:53.190 The advantage is also a lower risk of LDL cholesterol deposition. 0:12:53.190,0:13:02.100 It also has a high iron content, which is important for the formation of hemoglobin. 0:13:02.100,0:13:13.449 It is a source of vitamin B12, which is important in the energy metabolism of cells, DNA synthesis, 0:13:13.449,0:13:20.050 the function of nerve cells, and the formation of red blood cells. 0:13:20.050,0:13:29.260 It is also a good source of potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure and cellular 0:13:29.260,0:13:30.800 functions. 0:13:30.800,0:13:38.190 The specific taste and smell have already been mentioned as a disadvantage. 0:13:38.190,0:13:46.450 If the goat meat is not well prepared, it can be tough and not very tasty. 0:13:46.450,0:13:53.769 The fact that excessive consumption of red meat is cited as one of the possible risk 0:13:53.769,0:14:01.529 factors for the development of cancer is not only linked to goat meat but refers to red 0:14:01.529,0:14:03.300 meat in general. 0:14:03.300,0:14:12.320 Here are presented several examples of the use of goat meat for the treatment or prevention 0:14:12.320,0:14:15.100 of specific problems. 0:14:15.100,0:14:23.940 As already mentioned, goat meat is very suitable for a reduction diet and stabilizing the metabolism. 0:14:23.940,0:14:32.590 Furthermore, it can be used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, 0:14:32.590,0:14:37.269 and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. 0:14:37.269,0:14:45.630 Its consumption is also associated with improving joint function, thanks to supporting the development 0:14:45.630,0:14:46.630 of chondroblasts. 0:14:46.630,0:14:57.089 The last product is goat fat, mainly used in traditional Chinese medicine, often in 0:14:57.089,0:15:03.970 ointment formula, but sometimes its direct consumption is also recommended. 0:15:03.970,0:15:13.080 It can be used, for example, in treating upper respiratory tract diseases, treating purulent 0:15:13.080,0:15:20.610 wounds, preventing kidney disease and failure, and treating gastritis. 0:15:20.610,0:15:24.350 It is also used in various cosmetic products. 0:15:24.350,0:15:33.220 Thanks to its anti-aging and antioxidant effect, it supports cell regeneration and preserves 0:15:33.220,0:15:34.399 moisture balance. 0:15:34.399,0:15:42.579 Another, in this case, non-production use of goats is related to the fact that the goat 0:15:42.579,0:15:52.919 is relatively easy to tame and contact animal and can thus be successfully used in a variety 0:15:52.919,0:16:00.320 of therapeutic or assistance activities, which are currently very popular, as people require 0:16:00.320,0:16:03.490 contact with nature and living animals. 0:16:03.490,0:16:12.829 Since breeds that do not have high productivity can also be used within these programs, this 0:16:12.829,0:16:17.110 can partially contribute to their preservation and maintenance. 0:16:17.110,0:16:22.519 At this moment I would like to thank you for your attention. 0:16:22.519,0:16:26.649 If you have any questions, you can use the email listed here.