1 00:00:00,375 --> 00:00:03,253 This presentation has been supported by the Erasmus 2 00:00:03,253 --> 00:00:06,256 Plus K2 Cooperation Partnerships. 3 00:00:06,673 --> 00:00:10,927 Innovation of the structure and content of study programs in the field of animal 4 00:00:10,927 --> 00:00:15,432 genetic and food resources management innovation. 5 00:00:15,432 --> 00:00:16,016 with the use 6 00:00:16,016 --> 00:00:20,478 of digitalization. 7 00:00:20,645 --> 00:00:24,065 The European Commission support 8 00:00:24,774 --> 00:00:29,446 for the production of this presentation does not constitute 9 00:00:29,446 --> 00:00:33,366 and endorsement of the contents, which reflects the views only of the authors. 10 00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:37,579 And the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made 11 00:00:37,579 --> 00:00:41,249 of the information contained therein. 12 00:00:42,459 --> 00:00:43,626 Ewa Wojcik works 13 00:00:43,626 --> 00:00:47,922 for the Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries Faculty of Agrobioengineering 14 00:00:47,922 --> 00:00:52,802 and Animal Husbandry in Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. 15 00:00:53,053 --> 00:00:57,348 She would like to present a lecture on chromosome basic of heredity. 16 00:00:58,475 --> 00:01:00,894 The basic unit of heredity is a gene, 17 00:01:01,144 --> 00:01:05,940 a unit that occupies a precise location called locus in the chromosome. 18 00:01:06,816 --> 00:01:09,235 It has a linear series of nucleotides. 19 00:01:10,153 --> 00:01:13,156 A gene acts as a storage unit of genetic information 20 00:01:13,156 --> 00:01:16,659 responsible for replication, mutation and expression 21 00:01:16,868 --> 00:01:20,955 It is found in the chromosome or outside the cell nucleus, 22 00:01:20,955 --> 00:01:25,168 for example, inside the mitochondria and chloroplasts in plants. 23 00:01:26,127 --> 00:01:29,297 A gene consists of a regulatory and structural part. 24 00:01:30,131 --> 00:01:34,511 A chromosome is the structure of the cell nucleus that consists of DNA 25 00:01:34,552 --> 00:01:37,680 RNA, histone and non histone proteins. 26 00:01:38,348 --> 00:01:43,645 The specific packing of the chromatin in the chromosome allows in the metaphase 27 00:01:43,645 --> 00:01:47,065 stage to perform various staining techniques that will show us 28 00:01:47,065 --> 00:01:49,442 the anatomical features of these chromosomes. 29 00:01:50,568 --> 00:01:52,612 For example: 30 00:01:52,737 --> 00:01:56,699 Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, location of adenine-thymine, 31 00:01:56,699 --> 00:02:00,370 pairs and location of guanine-cytosine pairs 32 00:02:02,705 --> 00:02:04,457 In 1902 33 00:02:04,457 --> 00:02:07,585 Sutton and Bovary correlated Mendel's theory of heredity 34 00:02:07,585 --> 00:02:10,755 with the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. 35 00:02:10,755 --> 00:02:14,384 This is the main conclusions as follows. 36 00:02:14,968 --> 00:02:18,346 Genes are located on the chromosomes. 37 00:02:18,638 --> 00:02:20,431 Chromosomes come in pairs. 38 00:02:20,431 --> 00:02:23,977 One comes from the mother and the other from the father. 39 00:02:26,437 --> 00:02:30,150 Homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis. 40 00:02:30,650 --> 00:02:33,444 After meiosis, the germ cells contain 41 00:02:33,444 --> 00:02:36,865 one of the homologous chromosomes 42 00:02:38,241 --> 00:02:41,119 genes are inherited according to the laws of Mendel. 43 00:02:41,411 --> 00:02:46,666 In the fertilization process, the number of diploid chromosomes and alleles 44 00:02:47,041 --> 00:02:48,293 is restored. 45 00:02:49,252 --> 00:02:51,629 In the year 1919 46 00:02:51,796 --> 00:02:55,008 chromosome theory of heredity was invented by Morgan 47 00:02:56,134 --> 00:03:00,638 Morgan through his findings, he came to the following conclusions. 48 00:03:01,306 --> 00:03:03,516 Genes are located in the chromosomes. 49 00:03:04,100 --> 00:03:07,854 A gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome locus. 50 00:03:09,022 --> 00:03:13,443 Genes in chromosomes are arranged linearly, genes are duplicated. 51 00:03:13,610 --> 00:03:15,695 They go through a replication process. 52 00:03:16,571 --> 00:03:19,657 Alleles of the same gene on homologous 53 00:03:19,657 --> 00:03:22,202 chromosomes at exactly 54 00:03:23,244 --> 00:03:23,578 the same locus. 55 00:03:23,578 --> 00:03:28,875 Alleles of different genes occupy different positions 56 00:03:29,209 --> 00:03:33,338 Genes 57 00:03:33,338 --> 00:03:36,216 on the same chromosome form a group of linked genes. 58 00:03:36,674 --> 00:03:40,178 There are as many linkage groups as there are pairs of chromosomes 59 00:03:40,178 --> 00:03:43,389 in an organism. 60 00:03:43,556 --> 00:03:47,852 For example, a piece with 80 chromosomes has 40 pairs 61 00:03:48,436 --> 00:03:50,980 chromosome, so it has 40 linkage groups. 62 00:03:51,606 --> 00:03:54,275 Only those genes 63 00:03:54,275 --> 00:03:57,278 that lie on different chromosomes 64 00:03:57,278 --> 00:03:59,948 and are unlinked are independently inherited 65 00:04:01,115 --> 00:04:03,326 between homologous chromosomes. 66 00:04:03,326 --> 00:04:05,411 Their fragments may be exchanged, 67 00:04:06,412 --> 00:04:09,791 which results in the exchange of genetic information 68 00:04:09,916 --> 00:04:11,960 genes called crossing over. 69 00:04:12,794 --> 00:04:16,506 You sometimes find that process crossing the crossing over frequency 70 00:04:16,506 --> 00:04:20,551 between genes is directly proportional to the distance between them. 71 00:04:20,969 --> 00:04:24,973 The other question means the new the bigger the distance 72 00:04:24,973 --> 00:04:29,227 between the genes, the higher the probability of this process occurring. 73 00:04:33,147 --> 00:04:34,983 The map distance is expressed 74 00:04:34,983 --> 00:04:39,404 as the ratio of the number of recombinants to the total number of offspring. 75 00:04:39,404 --> 00:04:42,907 And this function is multiplied by 100%. 76 00:04:43,449 --> 00:04:47,912 So the mapping unit is the centimorgan. 77 00:04:48,496 --> 00:04:52,917 If the traits are linked with each other, that means the genes 78 00:04:52,917 --> 00:04:55,586 have a common location on the same chromosome. 79 00:04:56,796 --> 00:04:58,923 Then by crossing two DNA types, 80 00:05:00,091 --> 00:05:02,635 one individual with a homozygous system 81 00:05:02,635 --> 00:05:05,805 and an individual with a homozygous recessive system, 82 00:05:07,056 --> 00:05:10,018 the gametes that will be formed will be AB dominant 83 00:05:10,018 --> 00:05:13,313 and AB recessive gametes. 84 00:05:13,604 --> 00:05:18,192 After the fusion of these two gametes, we have a heterozygous individual, 85 00:05:18,401 --> 00:05:24,115 but the dominant genes are on one chromosome and the recessive genes are on the other chromosome. 86 00:05:24,115 --> 00:05:26,659 in this individual. 87 00:05:27,035 --> 00:05:31,748 The resulting heterozygous individual creates only two types of gametes 88 00:05:32,081 --> 00:05:37,253 gamete consisting of dominant genes and gametes consisting of recessive genes. 89 00:05:38,212 --> 00:05:39,839 After the merging of such 90 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:43,718 gametes, we form homozygous and heterozygous systems 91 00:05:43,926 --> 00:05:48,139 where the heterozygous two dominant genes are on the same chromosome 92 00:05:48,139 --> 00:05:51,142 and the recessive genes . 93 00:05:51,142 --> 00:05:53,770 are on the other chromosome 94 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:55,772 Thank you 95 00:05:55,772 --> 00:05:58,066 for your attention. 96 00:05:58,066 --> 00:05:59,442 ..