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This presentation has been supported by the Erasmus

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Plus K2 Cooperation Partnerships.

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Innovation of the structure and content of study programs
in the field of animal

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genetic and food resources 

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management with the 
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use of digitalization
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innovation.

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The European Commission support for the production of this presentation
does not constitute

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and endorsement of the contents,
which reflects the views only of the authors.

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And the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use
which may be made of the information contained therein.

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The name of the speaker is Katarzyna Andraszek,
and she works for the Institute of Zootechnic and Fisheries

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Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry

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in Siedlce  University of Natural Sciences and Humanities.

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She would like to present a short lecture
on the modern biotechnology used in animal breeding

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elements of genetic engineering and advances in breeding.

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Probably modern biotechnology optimally exploits

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DNA recombination techniques
and is associated with the development of many sciences

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such as microbiology, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology,

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as well as chemistry, computer science and physics.

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Biotechnological research is an interdisciplinary research.

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The goals of biotechnological research

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are optimization of gene expression levels, modified

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modification of nucleotide sequences,
encoding a protein or regulating gene expression,

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and the sequencing of the genome and genes of a selected organism

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and comparison with previously known sequences.

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Construction of transgenic organisms with new traits.

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Somatic and reproductive gene therapy.

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As well as genetic diagnostics and cloning animals.

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Attaining biotechnological goals involves

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not only achievements, but also concerns and risks.

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Correct diagnoses
and improved methods for preventing and treating genetic

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and infectious diseases are undoubtedly
one of the achievements of biotechnology.

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Alongside those, we can also consider

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the following points as positives of biotechnology,

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new beneficial varieties of plants and animals,

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new strains of microorganisms with beneficial productivity traits,

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new substances obtained through research and implementation,

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new methods of environmental protection.

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In regards to the dangers and risks,

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we need to consider the possibility of potential damage
to other organisms

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or the environment caused by transgenic strains and varieties.

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A reduction in biological genetic diversity,

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interference with human and animal genotypes,

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violations of the boundaries of personal information,
and a societal aspect of further privileging

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of wealthy people and countries
due to the availability of expensive and often patented technologies.

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For about a decade,

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biotechnology has been divided into three main fields

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Biotechnology a total vulnerable zone to read,

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biotechnology leading to new means of preventing

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treating and curing diseases, especially previously incurable ones.

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Using new diagnostic and treatment methods,

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Interest science on the field that is currently of

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the most interest is green biotechnology,
which is genetic manipulation in plants

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and animals leading to improved yields and new agricultural products,

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as well as new traits in plants and animals

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and finally, white biotechnology,

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which is application of biotechnology in industry,

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Green biotechnology is the production

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of genetically modified plants and animals.

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The effects of green biotechnology can be seen in the following areas

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in vitro production of starting material for crops,

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the introduction of genes
determining desired traits in plants and animals

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to be called transgensis

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Breeding

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using genetic

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markers

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In modern animal breeding, which is focused on maximum

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genetic progress,
the most important role is ascribed to genetic markers

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and their use for the assessment of genetic progress and the breeding

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value of animals.

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It's worth asking then, what is a genetic marker?

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Then at the marker?

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And a genetic marker can be a gene
or DNA sequence of known location in the animal genome

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linked to a gene or chromosome fragment determining a specific trait,

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usually an important quantitative trait 

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in breeding of a given species.

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So a markers usefulness depends on whether it is polymorphic,

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so meaning that at least two alleles occur

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at the locus of the marker in the population and marker

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polymorphism of markers is tested by analytical methods

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among which serological methods using test serums were once

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dominant and biochemical methods of it

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method using techniques based on protein electrophoresis

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and newest techniques using DNA sequence analysis techniques.
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Genetic markers 

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are divided

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  into two classes

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class one comprises classical markers, genes.

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Polymorphism of these markers was previously detected
by analyzing gene products

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using serological methods
and protein electrophoresis .

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But it can also be tested by analyzing the sequences of these genes

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using methods such as DNA sequencing or RFLP

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restriction, fragment length, polymorphism to tool polymorphism,

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fragment of a restricting or SSCP

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simple sequence length polymorphism to prospect segments.

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The second class of markers are the polymorphic
non-coding sequences set

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among which tandemly repeated microsatellite sequences
and to a lesser degree function.

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Microsatellites mini satellite sequences

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are considered the most important. Polymorphism.

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of this class of markers
is analyzed exclusively by DNA sequence analysis.

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Apart from DNA markers,

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we can distinguish another group of markers
associated with chromosomal polymorphism,

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which is detected with the use of banding chromosomes
staining techniques.

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Chromosomal polymorphism mainly

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affects the size of constitutive heterochromatin blocks.

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identified using CBG staining technique

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and nucleoar organizer regions

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identified using AgNOR technique.

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Currently genetic progress

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 in animals is undoubtedly

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influenced by properly conducted selection work.

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Selection of animals on the basis of breeding value assessments

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estimated using genetic markers is known as marker assisted selection.

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The usefulness
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 of genetic markers 
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in MAS programs

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depends on how much of the genetic variants of a given trait

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can be explained by information available 

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from genetic markers.

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The use of genetic markers in breeding programs

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increases the accuracy of breeding value assessment
and thereby increases genetic progress.

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And the additional information
about the breeding value of animals provided

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by genetic markers is especially useful in the case of traits
with low heritability

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traits whose measurements are available

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in the later period of the animal's life,
or only after it is slaughtered

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and traits associated with the animal sex.

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Another benefit of the use of genetic markers

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is shortening of the generation interval of stamp calling.

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The ability to quickly obtain information
about an individual made possible by genetic markers

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can significantly shorten the generation interval and accelerate
breeding progress.

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The usefulness of genetic markers
in assessment of the breeding value of animals

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depends on how strongly they are
linked to the quantitative trait locus.

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QTL The strength of the linkage of the marker to the cuttle

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is described by linkage disequilibrium

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with which describes the Nonrandom Association of alleles
from two or more loci.

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If the genetic markers are linked to a given locus

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in a completely random way, they are in linkage equilibrium la

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plunging to exclude a B

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according to the strength of the link
genetic markers are classified as L.D.

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or LA.

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The most

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useful markers in animal breeding
are those in strong linkage disequilibrium

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with the quantitative trait loci technology of it,

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which means that the linkage with the cuttle

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is rarely broken by recombination.

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The use of 

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information provided by genetic markers

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To assess breeding value by the BLUP method 

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involves including the QTL effect in a mixed model as an additional random effect. 
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QTL effects can be estimated by analysing the linkages of genetic markers to qualitative trait genes. 
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Based on this analysis, chromosome regions in which the sought-for QTL is most likely to be located are selected. 
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In the case of breeding value assessment based on the model with the additional random QTL effect, 
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MAS consists in combining the use of phenotypic information (
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as in classical phenotype-based methods of breeding value assessment)
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 with the additional information 
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provided by genetic markers.
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In recent years, 
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research on the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 
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as a source of information 
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about the breeding value 

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of animals 
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has become 
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increasingly popular

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On the spectrum,

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in contrast to estimation of breeding value
with the effect of the cattle in a mixed model,

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where identification of the cuttle location requires

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a significance test to is cheap masc using SNPs involved

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simultaneous estimation of the effects of all SNPs

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or SNP haplotypes without the need to test their significance.

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Best contrasted this in these analyzes.

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It is assumed that the SNP markers will be the only source
of information about the breeding value of animals.

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It will become unnecessary to gather phenotypic information,

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establish a new informative turn out the public

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gene key, which will make it possible
to obtain a precise breeding value assessment

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for very young individuals immediately after birth already annual.

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This will enable a significant reduction in the generation interval.

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Faster genetic progress
and a reduction in the costs of breeding value assessment.

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The technology of SNP microarrays enables rapid

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genotyping of hundreds of thousands of SNP loci.

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The SNP, from the vast
number of SNPs identified the most informative target.

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SNPs are selected SNP, but then the most

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likely frequencies of SNP haplotypes are established.

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SNP bottom, followed by a search for associations
between SNP haplotypes

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and the traits
whose breeding values are to be estimated, 

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After estimating the effects
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 of haplotypes which are assumed

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not to be specific to the individual,
but the same for the entire population.

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The genome wide estimated breeding value,

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EBV is estimated as the sum of the effects

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of SNP haplotypes characteristic of a given genotype.

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Individual

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It is assumed that the effects
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 of SNP haplotypes add up

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and that epistatic  interactions
between SNP loci do not take place.

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 GEBV can be estimated by the blood method,

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with the random effect of haplotypes included in the linear model.

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Polymorphism of genetic markers

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is exploited in research on the resistance/

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susceptibility of animals to various diseases and genetic disorders.

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Gene owing to which carriers of deleterious alleles

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can be detected before the onset of disease symptoms .

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Particularly important research is conducted on the relationship
between the antigens/

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genes of the major histocompatibility complex MHC

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and the occurrence of diseases, especially infectious ones.

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Genetic markers are also

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extremely useful for estimating the degree of inbreeding

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homozygosity in individual populations lines

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analyzing the similarities and differences between populations

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and determining the genetic distance between them

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The estimation of genetic distance
and the selection of breeds

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with high genetic
variation can be used to preserve biological diversity in farm animals.

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An assessment of genetic variation
between populations.

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Lines is helpful in choosing the optimal cross breeding

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variant and obtaining the maximum heterozygous effect.

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Maximal effect to look at that manifested

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mainly as improvement in the performance traits of animals,

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Characterization

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of selected genetic markers makes it possible
to track the impact of selection work on the genetic structure

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of a given population and how specific genes are eliminated together
with elimination of traits

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that are deleterious in terms of breeding

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Thank you for your attention.