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This presentation has been supported by the Erasmus

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Plus K2 Cooperation Partnerships.

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Innovation of the structure and content of study programs
in the field of animal

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genetic and food resources management

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with the use of digitalization innovation.

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The European Commission

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support for the production of this presentation
does not constitute

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an endorsement of the contents,
which reflects the views only of the authors.

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And the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use

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which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Genetic gain also known as genetic progress

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is a basic concept in animal and plant breeding,
as well as in agriculture and animal production.

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The amount of genetic progress

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depends on several factors
that I would like to talk about 

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Today the challenge for livestock
production is to meet the growing demand for animal products

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while reducing environmental impact.

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This means that the performance and resistance of the animals

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must be increased
as well as the quality of the animal products.

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Performance improvement should focus on lifetime productivity,

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which can be improved not only by increasing production,
but also by improving characteristics

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such as health, reproduction and longevity.

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The objectives of animal breeding is to genetically improve animals 

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in a specific direction.
Milk yield and composition, 

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Meat production, egg production
and improvement of reproductive

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characteristics, fertility and prolificacy

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The aim of breeding is to obtain animals
with a better genotype in the next generation.

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For this reason,
the process of genetic improvement is stretched over time.

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This is a detailed diagram of the genetic improvement of the population.

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each species of animals used by

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humans has its breeding program, which is the basis

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for improving important functional characteristics
such as those mentioned a moment ago.

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The elements of the breeding program are the breeding goal,

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the control of current performance
and the collection of this information.

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The selection system for suitable slash best individuals

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from the population and the mating system.

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Finally, an assessment of the transfer of progress

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in the production population

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The optimal breeding

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program is adapted to the specificity of a given species
and the characteristic

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included in the

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 breeding goal.
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The breeding program is aimed at genetic improvement

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through the selection of individuals
for the parents of the next generation.

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The breeding goal express	es the combinations of traits

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that the breeder wants to improve in the selection process.

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The amount of progress achieved in the breeding goal
and the traits included in it

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depends on the accuracy of selection, its intensity
and the spacing of generations.

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Breeding program for dairy cattle – objectives

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The objectives of improvement in the breeding program

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for dairy cattle are for the production characteristics
with particular

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emphasis on the composition and quality of milk,
which have a large impact on its price.

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That is the content of fat, protein, dry matter and milk

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functional characteristics that have a significant impact
on reducing production

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costs, such as features of the external structure of the body,

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fertility, health of the udder, longevity of animals,

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features of milking capacity, ease of childbirth.

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of the pig breeding program are mainly related

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to the improvement of

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reproductive characteristics

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such as number of piglets born, number of piglets weaned,

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number of teats per female and age of her first calving.

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In addition to reproductive performance, an important element

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in pig breeding are meat performance characteristics,
fattening and slaughter

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such as daily weight gain meat content

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in the carcass area of the eye of the loin,
intramuscular fat content,

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water absorption, active acidity, color and texture of meat

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The basis

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for obtaining

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offspring with better characteristics
than the parents is to know the value

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milk, yield, carcass value, or laying value of the parents.

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Then preparing such a ranking, ranking in terms of the features
selected for improvement.

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Selection
as a process that changes the frequency of genes and genotypes

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in the selected population allows for the achievement
of the objectives of the breeding program,

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which most often focuses on improving the breeding value
of a selected group of traits

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in order 

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to maximize profit.

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In assessing

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the effects

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of the selection of quantitative measurable traits.

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It is helpful to compare the average phenotypic
and breeding values of the improved traits.

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If selection is affected, if the offspring
is clearly genetically superior to the parent.

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Distribution of breeding value of offspring 

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from mating parents with known values

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Knowledge of the laws of inheritance
makes it possible to predict the value

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of offspring for mating parents with known breeding values.

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Unfortunately,
the same laws regarding the randomness of gene transmission

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mean that the expected effect may not be achieved at all.

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In practice, the breeder can obtain

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both higher and lower value animals.

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The measure of successful selection is the appropriate

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response of the population to the breeding methods used,
which means that the offspring

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of the selected parents will be much better than the parents
generation.

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Genetic gain is the difference between the average breeding

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values of individuals from successive generations.

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Genetic gain is the product of heritability

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and selection difference.

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Genetic gain

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Genetic gain, therefore, 

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is the difference between the genetic value 

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of a given trait in the offspring

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and the value of that trait in the parent herd, 

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obtained as

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a result of selection

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that resulted in a favorable change
in gene frequency in the progeny

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compared to the parents.

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Genetic gain

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is the measure of the magnitude
of the population's response to selection.

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It is defined as the difference
between the average breeding values of the progeny

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and the parent generation.

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I mentioned

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at the beginning that the value of genetic progress
depends on several factors.

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These are accuracy of the assessment
at the genetic value of individuals

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subjected to selection, selection,
intensity, genetic variability of the selected trait.

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Heritability of the selected trait 

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I'll start with the first factor

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the accuracy

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of the assessment

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at the genetic value of individuals subjected to selection,

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which is reflected in the correlation
between the phenotypic and genetic value of individuals

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and the assessment of the breeding value is preceded

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by the determination of the value of phenotypic traits.

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That is the assessment of performance.

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These are continuous processes.

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A number of methods are used to assess the breeding value.

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Methods
of evaluating breeding value are subject to modification.

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Due to emerging modern techniques e.g.

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related to the development of molecular genetics,
genomic evaluation,

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as well as resulting from breeding reasons increase
in the level of performance characteristics of animals.

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Inclusion of new breeding
goals, modifications of breeding programs, etc..

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An important feature of modern breeding
value assessment methods is that they allow to separate

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the influence of environmental factors
such as year of birth, season season, micro

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climatic conditions,
nutrition, region of the country and others

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on the level of production characteristics.

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Thus, the obtained ratings characterize

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the potential production possibilities encoded in the animals
genes,

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the appropriate size of the so-called active population.

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That is, the proportion of animals subject
to control and evaluation

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of breeding value in relation
to the entire population of a given species breed, line.

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Using in the assessment
not only the phenotype of the evaluated animal,

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but also information on the performance of its ancestors.

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Collateral relatives and offspring contributes

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to increasing the accuracy of animal assessment.

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That is,

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 the selection of individuals

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for the parents

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of the next generation

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is the basic tool of the breeder

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thanks to which, he can pursue the set breeding goal.

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In the case of selection,
we care about choosing the best animals, that is,

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those with the highest breeding values.

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In most cases,

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the selection criterion

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is assumed to have

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a normal distribution.

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The term selection of the best animals is imprecise.

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The figure shows the distribution of most traits of great

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economic importance in animal husbandry.

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Depending on the breeders determination

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fewer individuals can be selected for the selection herd,

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and then the selection intensity will be high.

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You can select more individuals.

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For example, about 30%.

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And then the selection intensity will be lower
than after the interests of most selected venture you show.

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The intensity of selection is greater
in males than in females.

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Among the males, only about 0.5

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to 2% of the best individuals are mated with females.

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Some tell me

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the value of genetic gain

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also depends on genetic variation of the selected trait.

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Genetic variability consists in the diversity

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of the genetic endowment of individuals
in a population and arises

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under certain environmental conditions
as a result of the action of many factors.

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If you are not to

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the value of genetic gain

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also depends on the heritability of the selected trait.

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Heritability expresses the extent to which

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a trait is passed from parents to offspring.

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When heritability is high, more than 0.4.

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We observe greater phenotypic similarity


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between closely

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related individuals

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The process

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 of genetic improvement of animals
must go hand in hand

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with providing them with optimal housing conditions
and a high level of welfare.

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Because the effective implementation of the breeding goal
depends

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on the interaction of two basic factors
genotype and environmental conditions

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for example, a sow with the best possible
genotype will not produce large numbers of piglets.

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If veterinary care is neglected
or if he ration is deficient in nutrients,

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Finally,

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 I wanted 

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to give

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 two examples

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of visible genetic gain: in dairy cattle

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it is an increase in milk yield in subsequent years

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of the breeding program.

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In pigs it is an increase in the meat content in the carcass

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of paternal
and maternal breeds and crosses of the progeny generation 

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In conclusion,

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 genetic gain is an improvement

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of a selected trait
or multiple traits in a population over generations,

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even a process that consists in identifying individuals
with outstanding

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genetic characteristics
and using them as parents for the next generation.

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By selecting and breeding these individuals,

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their valuable genetic material is passed on to the offspring,

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which leads to an increase in the frequency of desired traits
in the population.

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Genetic gain depends on several factors,
including the heritability of the traits of interest,

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the intensity of selection,
the genetic variation in the population,

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and the time needed to complete 

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one breeding cycle

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Thank you for your attention.