This presentation has been supported by the Erasmus
Plus K2 Cooperation Partnerships.
Innovation of the structure and content of study programs in the field of animal
genetic and food resources
management with the
use of digitalization
innovation.
The European Commission support for the production of this presentation does not constitute
and endorsement of the contents, which reflects the views only of the authors.
And the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
The name of the speaker is Katarzyna Andraszek, and she works for the Institute of Zootechnic and Fisheries
Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry
in Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities.
She would like to present a short lecture on the modern biotechnology used in animal breeding
elements of genetic engineering and advances in breeding.
Probably modern biotechnology optimally exploits
DNA recombination techniques and is associated with the development of many sciences
such as microbiology, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology,
as well as chemistry, computer science and physics.
Biotechnological research is an interdisciplinary research.
The goals of biotechnological research
are optimization of gene expression levels, modified
modification of nucleotide sequences, encoding a protein or regulating gene expression,
and the sequencing of the genome and genes of a selected organism
and comparison with previously known sequences.
Construction of transgenic organisms with new traits.
Somatic and reproductive gene therapy.
As well as genetic diagnostics and cloning animals.
Attaining biotechnological goals involves
not only achievements, but also concerns and risks.
Correct diagnoses and improved methods for preventing and treating genetic
and infectious diseases are undoubtedly one of the achievements of biotechnology.
Alongside those, we can also consider
the following points as positives of biotechnology,
new beneficial varieties of plants and animals,
new strains of microorganisms with beneficial productivity traits,
new substances obtained through research and implementation,
new methods of environmental protection.
In regards to the dangers and risks,
we need to consider the possibility of potential damage to other organisms
or the environment caused by transgenic strains and varieties.
A reduction in biological genetic diversity,
interference with human and animal genotypes,
violations of the boundaries of personal information, and a societal aspect of further privileging
of wealthy people and countries due to the availability of expensive and often patented technologies.
For about a decade,
biotechnology has been divided into three main fields
Biotechnology a total vulnerable zone to read,
biotechnology leading to new means of preventing
treating and curing diseases, especially previously incurable ones.
Using new diagnostic and treatment methods,
Interest science on the field that is currently of
the most interest is green biotechnology, which is genetic manipulation in plants
and animals leading to improved yields and new agricultural products,
as well as new traits in plants and animals
and finally, white biotechnology,
which is application of biotechnology in industry,
Green biotechnology is the production
of genetically modified plants and animals.
The effects of green biotechnology can be seen in the following areas
in vitro production of starting material for crops,
the introduction of genes determining desired traits in plants and animals
to be called transgensis
Breeding
using genetic
markers
In modern animal breeding, which is focused on maximum
genetic progress, the most important role is ascribed to genetic markers
and their use for the assessment of genetic progress and the breeding
value of animals.
It's worth asking then, what is a genetic marker?
Then at the marker?
And a genetic marker can be a gene or DNA sequence of known location in the animal genome
linked to a gene or chromosome fragment determining a specific trait,
usually an important quantitative trait
in breeding of a given species.
So a markers usefulness depends on whether it is polymorphic,
so meaning that at least two alleles occur
at the locus of the marker in the population and marker
polymorphism of markers is tested by analytical methods
among which serological methods using test serums were once
dominant and biochemical methods of it
method using techniques based on protein electrophoresis
and newest techniques using DNA sequence analysis techniques.
Genetic markers
are divided
into two classes
class one comprises classical markers, genes.
Polymorphism of these markers was previously detected by analyzing gene products
using serological methods and protein electrophoresis .
But it can also be tested by analyzing the sequences of these genes
using methods such as DNA sequencing or RFLP
restriction, fragment length, polymorphism to tool polymorphism,
fragment of a restricting or SSCP
simple sequence length polymorphism to prospect segments.
The second class of markers are the polymorphic non-coding sequences set
among which tandemly repeated microsatellite sequences and to a lesser degree function.
Microsatellites mini satellite sequences
are considered the most important. Polymorphism.
of this class of markers is analyzed exclusively by DNA sequence analysis.
Apart from DNA markers,
we can distinguish another group of markers associated with chromosomal polymorphism,
which is detected with the use of banding chromosomes staining techniques.
Chromosomal polymorphism mainly
affects the size of constitutive heterochromatin blocks.
identified using CBG staining technique
and nucleoar organizer regions
identified using AgNOR technique.
Currently genetic progress
in animals is undoubtedly
influenced by properly conducted selection work.
Selection of animals on the basis of breeding value assessments
estimated using genetic markers is known as marker assisted selection.
The usefulness
of genetic markers
in MAS programs
depends on how much of the genetic variants of a given trait
can be explained by information available
from genetic markers.
The use of genetic markers in breeding programs
increases the accuracy of breeding value assessment and thereby increases genetic progress.
And the additional information about the breeding value of animals provided
by genetic markers is especially useful in the case of traits with low heritability
traits whose measurements are available
in the later period of the animal's life, or only after it is slaughtered
and traits associated with the animal sex.
Another benefit of the use of genetic markers
is shortening of the generation interval of stamp calling.
The ability to quickly obtain information about an individual made possible by genetic markers
can significantly shorten the generation interval and accelerate breeding progress.
The usefulness of genetic markers in assessment of the breeding value of animals
depends on how strongly they are linked to the quantitative trait locus.
QTL The strength of the linkage of the marker to the cuttle
is described by linkage disequilibrium
with which describes the Nonrandom Association of alleles from two or more loci.
If the genetic markers are linked to a given locus
in a completely random way, they are in linkage equilibrium la
plunging to exclude a B
according to the strength of the link genetic markers are classified as L.D.
or LA.
The most
useful markers in animal breeding are those in strong linkage disequilibrium
with the quantitative trait loci technology of it,
which means that the linkage with the cuttle
is rarely broken by recombination.
The use of
information provided by genetic markers
To assess breeding value by the BLUP method
involves including the QTL effect in a mixed model as an additional random effect.
QTL effects can be estimated by analysing the linkages of genetic markers to qualitative trait genes.
Based on this analysis, chromosome regions in which the sought-for QTL is most likely to be located are selected.
In the case of breeding value assessment based on the model with the additional random QTL effect,
MAS consists in combining the use of phenotypic information (
as in classical phenotype-based methods of breeding value assessment)
with the additional information
provided by genetic markers.
In recent years,
research on the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
as a source of information
about the breeding value
of animals
has become
increasingly popular
On the spectrum,
in contrast to estimation of breeding value with the effect of the cattle in a mixed model,
where identification of the cuttle location requires
a significance test to is cheap masc using SNPs involved
simultaneous estimation of the effects of all SNPs
or SNP haplotypes without the need to test their significance.
Best contrasted this in these analyzes.
It is assumed that the SNP markers will be the only source of information about the breeding value of animals.
It will become unnecessary to gather phenotypic information,
establish a new informative turn out the public
gene key, which will make it possible to obtain a precise breeding value assessment
for very young individuals immediately after birth already annual.
This will enable a significant reduction in the generation interval.
Faster genetic progress and a reduction in the costs of breeding value assessment.
The technology of SNP microarrays enables rapid
genotyping of hundreds of thousands of SNP loci.
The SNP, from the vast number of SNPs identified the most informative target.
SNPs are selected SNP, but then the most
likely frequencies of SNP haplotypes are established.
SNP bottom, followed by a search for associations between SNP haplotypes
and the traits whose breeding values are to be estimated,
After estimating the effects
of haplotypes which are assumed
not to be specific to the individual, but the same for the entire population.
The genome wide estimated breeding value,
EBV is estimated as the sum of the effects
of SNP haplotypes characteristic of a given genotype.
Individual
It is assumed that the effects
of SNP haplotypes add up
and that epistatic interactions between SNP loci do not take place.
GEBV can be estimated by the blood method,
with the random effect of haplotypes included in the linear model.
Polymorphism of genetic markers
is exploited in research on the resistance/
susceptibility of animals to various diseases and genetic disorders.
Gene owing to which carriers of deleterious alleles
can be detected before the onset of disease symptoms .
Particularly important research is conducted on the relationship between the antigens/
genes of the major histocompatibility complex MHC
and the occurrence of diseases, especially infectious ones.
Genetic markers are also
extremely useful for estimating the degree of inbreeding
homozygosity in individual populations lines
analyzing the similarities and differences between populations
and determining the genetic distance between them
The estimation of genetic distance and the selection of breeds
with high genetic variation can be used to preserve biological diversity in farm animals.
An assessment of genetic variation between populations.
Lines is helpful in choosing the optimal cross breeding
variant and obtaining the maximum heterozygous effect.
Maximal effect to look at that manifested
mainly as improvement in the performance traits of animals,
Characterization
of selected genetic markers makes it possible to track the impact of selection work on the genetic structure
of a given population and how specific genes are eliminated together with elimination of traits
that are deleterious in terms of breeding
Thank you for your attention.