1 00:00:01,418 --> 00:00:04,337 This presentation has been supported by the Erasmus 2 00:00:04,337 --> 00:00:07,298 Plus K2 Cooperation Partnerships. 3 00:00:07,757 --> 00:00:12,012 Innovation of the structure and content of study programs in the field of animal 4 00:00:12,012 --> 00:00:16,516 genetic and food resources management 5 00:00:16,516 --> 00:00:17,100 with the use of digitalization innovation. 6 00:00:17,100 --> 00:00:21,563 The European Commission 8 00:00:27,110 --> 00:00:30,488 support for the production of this presentation does not constitute 9 00:00:30,488 --> 00:00:34,451 an endorsement of the contents, which reflects the views only of the authors. 10 00:00:34,784 --> 00:00:37,871 And the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use 11 00:00:37,871 --> 00:00:40,498 which may be made of the information contained therein. 12 00:00:42,125 --> 00:00:46,629 Genetic gain also known as genetic progress 13 00:00:46,671 --> 00:00:52,594 is a basic concept in animal and plant breeding, as well as in agriculture and animal production. 14 00:00:53,595 --> 00:00:55,096 The amount of genetic progress 15 00:00:55,096 --> 00:00:59,601 depends on several factors that I would like to talk about 16 00:00:59,768 --> 00:01:04,272 Today the challenge for livestock production is to meet the growing demand for animal products 17 00:01:04,272 --> 00:01:06,316 while reducing environmental impact. 18 00:01:07,275 --> 00:01:10,278 This means that the performance and resistance of the animals 19 00:01:10,278 --> 00:01:13,782 must be increased as well as the quality of the animal products. 20 00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,410 Performance improvement should focus on lifetime productivity, 21 00:01:17,410 --> 00:01:22,791 which can be improved not only by increasing production, but also by improving characteristics 22 00:01:22,791 --> 00:01:25,543 such as health, reproduction and longevity. 23 00:01:32,425 --> 00:01:35,386 The objectives of animal breeding is to genetically improve animals 24 00:01:35,386 --> 00:01:39,182 in a specific direction. Milk yield and composition, 25 00:01:39,224 --> 00:01:42,769 Meat production, egg production and improvement of reproductive 26 00:01:42,769 --> 00:01:45,647 characteristics, fertility and prolificacy 27 00:01:45,772 --> 00:01:50,568 The aim of breeding is to obtain animals with a better genotype in the next generation. 28 00:01:50,610 --> 00:01:54,239 For this reason, the process of genetic improvement is stretched over time. 29 00:01:54,906 --> 00:01:55,532 This is a detailed diagram of the genetic improvement of the population. 30 00:01:59,285 --> 00:02:01,496 each species of animals used by 31 00:02:01,496 --> 00:02:06,251 humans has its breeding program, which is the basis 32 00:02:06,251 --> 00:02:10,672 for improving important functional characteristics such as those mentioned a moment ago. 33 00:02:11,548 --> 00:02:14,759 The elements of the breeding program are the breeding goal, 34 00:02:14,759 --> 00:02:18,346 the control of current performance and the collection of this information. 35 00:02:18,555 --> 00:02:21,808 The selection system for suitable slash best individuals 36 00:02:21,808 --> 00:02:24,102 from the population and the mating system. 37 00:02:25,019 --> 00:02:27,730 Finally, an assessment of the transfer of progress 38 00:02:27,730 --> 00:02:30,817 in the production population 39 00:02:31,901 --> 00:02:36,656 The optimal breeding 40 00:02:36,656 --> 00:02:41,035 program is adapted to the specificity of a given species and the characteristic 41 00:02:41,286 --> 00:02:44,164 included in the 42 00:02:46,541 --> 00:02:48,918 breeding goal. 43 00:02:49,460 --> 00:02:52,213 The breeding program is aimed at genetic improvement 44 00:02:52,213 --> 00:02:55,884 through the selection of individuals for the parents of the next generation. 45 00:02:56,050 --> 00:02:59,053 The breeding goal express es the combinations of traits 46 00:02:59,053 --> 00:03:02,223 that the breeder wants to improve in the selection process. 47 00:03:03,141 --> 00:03:07,395 The amount of progress achieved in the breeding goal and the traits included in it 48 00:03:07,395 --> 00:03:12,400 depends on the accuracy of selection, its intensity and the spacing of generations. 49 00:03:13,818 --> 00:03:15,945 Breeding program for dairy cattle – objectives 50 00:03:19,449 --> 00:03:22,035 The objectives of improvement in the breeding program 51 00:03:22,035 --> 00:03:26,623 for dairy cattle are for the production characteristics with particular 52 00:03:26,706 --> 00:03:32,003 emphasis on the composition and quality of milk, which have a large impact on its price. 53 00:03:32,212 --> 00:03:35,590 That is the content of fat, protein, dry matter and milk 54 00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:39,552 functional characteristics that have a significant impact on reducing production 55 00:03:39,552 --> 00:03:43,348 costs, such as features of the external structure of the body, 56 00:03:43,389 --> 00:03:46,517 fertility, health of the udder, longevity of animals, 57 00:03:46,559 --> 00:03:49,395 features of milking capacity, ease of childbirth. 58 00:03:51,439 --> 00:03:56,569 of the pig breeding program are mainly related 59 00:03:58,738 --> 00:04:00,156 to the improvement of 60 00:04:00,156 --> 00:04:04,994 reproductive characteristics 61 00:04:04,994 --> 00:04:09,499 such as number of piglets born, number of piglets weaned, 62 00:04:09,499 --> 00:04:12,752 number of teats per female and age of her first calving. 63 00:04:13,628 --> 00:04:17,257 In addition to reproductive performance, an important element 64 00:04:17,257 --> 00:04:21,344 in pig breeding are meat performance characteristics, fattening and slaughter 65 00:04:21,344 --> 00:04:24,973 such as daily weight gain meat content 66 00:04:24,973 --> 00:04:29,227 in the carcass area of the eye of the loin, intramuscular fat content, 67 00:04:29,310 --> 00:04:33,147 water absorption, active acidity, color and texture of meat 68 00:04:33,940 --> 00:04:37,360 The basis 69 00:04:41,197 --> 00:04:42,407 for obtaining 70 00:04:42,407 --> 00:04:46,202 offspring with better characteristics than the parents is to know the value 71 00:04:46,327 --> 00:04:49,872 milk, yield, carcass value, or laying value of the parents. 72 00:04:50,832 --> 00:04:55,628 Then preparing such a ranking, ranking in terms of the features selected for improvement. 73 00:04:55,837 --> 00:05:00,216 Selection as a process that changes the frequency of genes and genotypes 74 00:05:00,216 --> 00:05:05,221 in the selected population allows for the achievement of the objectives of the breeding program, 75 00:05:05,346 --> 00:05:09,976 which most often focuses on improving the breeding value of a selected group of traits 76 00:05:09,976 --> 00:05:13,354 in order 77 00:05:14,689 --> 00:05:17,525 to maximize profit. 78 00:05:17,525 --> 00:05:18,735 In assessing 79 00:05:21,738 --> 00:05:22,905 the effects 80 00:05:22,905 --> 00:05:26,034 of the selection of quantitative measurable traits. 81 00:05:26,034 --> 00:05:30,788 It is helpful to compare the average phenotypic and breeding values of the improved traits. 82 00:05:31,205 --> 00:05:36,544 If selection is affected, if the offspring is clearly genetically superior to the parent. 83 00:05:38,588 --> 00:05:40,673 Distribution of breeding value of offspring 84 00:05:43,009 --> 00:05:43,843 from mating parents with known values 85 00:05:44,677 --> 00:05:48,556 Knowledge of the laws of inheritance makes it possible to predict the value 86 00:05:48,556 --> 00:05:51,726 of offspring for mating parents with known breeding values. 87 00:05:52,602 --> 00:05:56,939 Unfortunately, the same laws regarding the randomness of gene transmission 88 00:05:56,939 --> 00:05:59,859 mean that the expected effect may not be achieved at all. 89 00:06:00,735 --> 00:06:03,196 In practice, the breeder can obtain 90 00:06:03,196 --> 00:06:05,406 both higher and lower value animals. 91 00:06:06,324 --> 00:06:09,160 The measure of successful selection is the appropriate 92 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:13,748 response of the population to the breeding methods used, which means that the offspring 93 00:06:13,748 --> 00:06:17,377 of the selected parents will be much better than the parents generation. 94 00:06:17,502 --> 00:06:20,546 Genetic gain is the difference between the average breeding 95 00:06:20,546 --> 00:06:23,466 values of individuals from successive generations. 96 00:06:24,342 --> 00:06:26,886 Genetic gain is the product of heritability 97 00:06:26,886 --> 00:06:29,472 and selection difference. 98 00:06:31,307 --> 00:06:33,476 Genetic gain 99 00:06:33,559 --> 00:06:36,396 Genetic gain, therefore, 100 00:06:37,230 --> 00:06:39,357 is the difference between the genetic value 101 00:06:42,443 --> 00:06:44,737 of a given trait in the offspring 102 00:06:44,737 --> 00:06:45,696 and the value of that trait in the parent herd, 103 00:06:45,696 --> 00:06:50,410 obtained as 104 00:06:50,410 --> 00:06:54,539 a result of selection 105 00:06:54,539 --> 00:06:58,376 that resulted in a favorable change in gene frequency in the progeny 106 00:06:58,376 --> 00:07:00,711 compared to the parents. 107 00:07:04,424 --> 00:07:05,341 Genetic gain 108 00:07:05,341 --> 00:07:09,178 is the measure of the magnitude of the population's response to selection. 109 00:07:10,054 --> 00:07:14,308 It is defined as the difference between the average breeding values of the progeny 110 00:07:14,308 --> 00:07:17,061 and the parent generation. 111 00:07:20,481 --> 00:07:21,065 I mentioned 112 00:07:21,065 --> 00:07:25,194 at the beginning that the value of genetic progress depends on several factors. 113 00:07:25,361 --> 00:07:30,283 These are accuracy of the assessment at the genetic value of individuals 114 00:07:30,283 --> 00:07:35,705 subjected to selection, selection, intensity, genetic variability of the selected trait. 115 00:07:35,788 --> 00:07:39,792 Heritability of the selected trait 116 00:07:45,256 --> 00:07:45,965 I'll start with the first factor 117 00:07:46,841 --> 00:07:47,800 the accuracy 118 00:07:48,759 --> 00:07:52,013 of the assessment 119 00:07:52,013 --> 00:07:55,391 at the genetic value of individuals subjected to selection, 120 00:07:55,558 --> 00:08:00,646 which is reflected in the correlation between the phenotypic and genetic value of individuals 121 00:08:00,938 --> 00:08:03,941 and the assessment of the breeding value is preceded 122 00:08:03,941 --> 00:08:06,903 by the determination of the value of phenotypic traits. 123 00:08:07,111 --> 00:08:09,864 That is the assessment of performance. 124 00:08:09,864 --> 00:08:12,825 These are continuous processes. 125 00:08:13,659 --> 00:08:16,662 A number of methods are used to assess the breeding value. 126 00:08:17,497 --> 00:08:21,250 Methods of evaluating breeding value are subject to modification. 127 00:08:21,375 --> 00:08:23,794 Due to emerging modern techniques e.g. 128 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:28,257 related to the development of molecular genetics, genomic evaluation, 129 00:08:28,382 --> 00:08:34,180 as well as resulting from breeding reasons increase in the level of performance characteristics of animals. 130 00:08:34,180 --> 00:08:38,893 Inclusion of new breeding goals, modifications of breeding programs, etc.. 131 00:08:39,018 --> 00:08:43,814 An important feature of modern breeding value assessment methods is that they allow to separate 132 00:08:43,814 --> 00:08:49,070 the influence of environmental factors such as year of birth, season season, micro 133 00:08:49,070 --> 00:08:53,282 climatic conditions, nutrition, region of the country and others 134 00:08:53,282 --> 00:08:55,576 on the level of production characteristics. 135 00:08:56,494 --> 00:08:58,996 Thus, the obtained ratings characterize 136 00:08:58,996 --> 00:09:02,708 the potential production possibilities encoded in the animals genes, 137 00:09:03,251 --> 00:09:06,671 the appropriate size of the so-called active population. 138 00:09:06,879 --> 00:09:10,883 That is, the proportion of animals subject to control and evaluation 139 00:09:10,883 --> 00:09:15,972 of breeding value in relation to the entire population of a given species breed, line. 140 00:09:15,972 --> 00:09:21,185 Using in the assessment not only the phenotype of the evaluated animal, 141 00:09:21,435 --> 00:09:24,438 but also information on the performance of its ancestors. 142 00:09:24,647 --> 00:09:27,441 Collateral relatives and offspring contributes 143 00:09:27,441 --> 00:09:31,362 to increasing the accuracy of animal assessment. 144 00:09:32,613 --> 00:09:34,240 That is, 145 00:09:35,366 --> 00:09:37,451 the selection of individuals 146 00:09:38,369 --> 00:09:41,956 for the parents 147 00:09:47,295 --> 00:09:48,129 of the next generation 148 00:09:48,129 --> 00:09:53,759 is the basic tool of the breeder 149 00:09:53,884 --> 00:09:56,262 thanks to which, he can pursue the set breeding goal. 150 00:09:56,429 --> 00:10:00,641 In the case of selection, we care about choosing the best animals, that is, 151 00:10:01,517 --> 00:10:05,146 those with the highest breeding values. 152 00:10:05,146 --> 00:10:07,940 In most cases, 153 00:10:10,484 --> 00:10:12,069 the selection criterion 154 00:10:12,069 --> 00:10:13,070 is assumed to have 155 00:10:13,446 --> 00:10:18,075 a normal distribution. 156 00:10:18,951 --> 00:10:21,871 The term selection of the best animals is imprecise. 157 00:10:22,038 --> 00:10:24,915 The figure shows the distribution of most traits of great 158 00:10:24,915 --> 00:10:27,376 economic importance in animal husbandry. 159 00:10:28,210 --> 00:10:30,254 Depending on the breeders determination 160 00:10:30,379 --> 00:10:33,799 fewer individuals can be selected for the selection herd, 161 00:10:33,799 --> 00:10:36,344 and then the selection intensity will be high. 162 00:10:37,178 --> 00:10:39,180 You can select more individuals. 163 00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:41,349 For example, about 30%. 164 00:10:41,349 --> 00:10:48,064 And then the selection intensity will be lower than after the interests of most selected venture you show. 165 00:10:52,026 --> 00:10:55,905 The intensity of selection is greater in males than in females. 166 00:10:56,781 --> 00:10:59,116 Among the males, only about 0.5 167 00:10:59,116 --> 00:11:02,953 to 2% of the best individuals are mated with females. 168 00:11:03,287 --> 00:11:05,164 Some tell me 169 00:11:07,124 --> 00:11:08,584 the value of genetic gain 170 00:11:08,584 --> 00:11:12,129 also depends on genetic variation of the selected trait. 171 00:11:13,047 --> 00:11:15,800 Genetic variability consists in the diversity 172 00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:19,637 of the genetic endowment of individuals in a population and arises 173 00:11:19,637 --> 00:11:24,058 under certain environmental conditions as a result of the action of many factors. 174 00:11:24,475 --> 00:11:25,559 If you are not to 175 00:11:28,187 --> 00:11:29,647 the value of genetic gain 176 00:11:29,647 --> 00:11:32,650 also depends on the heritability of the selected trait. 177 00:11:33,567 --> 00:11:36,028 Heritability expresses the extent to which 178 00:11:36,028 --> 00:11:38,531 a trait is passed from parents to offspring. 179 00:11:39,365 --> 00:11:42,618 When heritability is high, more than 0.4. 180 00:11:42,743 --> 00:11:47,331 We observe greater phenotypic similarity 181 00:11:48,582 --> 00:11:49,625 between closely 182 00:11:50,459 --> 00:11:51,335 related individuals 183 00:11:55,256 --> 00:11:55,881 The process 184 00:11:56,424 --> 00:12:00,094 of genetic improvement of animals must go hand in hand 185 00:12:00,094 --> 00:12:04,181 with providing them with optimal housing conditions and a high level of welfare. 186 00:12:04,306 --> 00:12:07,560 Because the effective implementation of the breeding goal depends 187 00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:12,356 on the interaction of two basic factors genotype and environmental conditions 188 00:12:12,523 --> 00:12:17,903 for example, a sow with the best possible genotype will not produce large numbers of piglets. 189 00:12:17,945 --> 00:12:22,324 If veterinary care is neglected or if he ration is deficient in nutrients, 190 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:24,910 Finally, 191 00:12:26,203 --> 00:12:27,580 I wanted 192 00:12:28,038 --> 00:12:28,706 to give 193 00:12:32,168 --> 00:12:34,545 two examples 194 00:12:34,545 --> 00:12:37,798 of visible genetic gain: in dairy cattle 195 00:12:37,965 --> 00:12:40,843 it is an increase in milk yield in subsequent years 196 00:12:40,843 --> 00:12:43,179 of the breeding program. 197 00:12:45,973 --> 00:12:49,477 In pigs it is an increase in the meat content in the carcass 198 00:12:49,477 --> 00:12:54,482 of paternal and maternal breeds and crosses of the progeny generation 199 00:12:57,234 --> 00:12:59,153 In conclusion, 200 00:12:59,153 --> 00:13:02,698 genetic gain is an improvement 201 00:13:02,698 --> 00:13:07,203 of a selected trait or multiple traits in a population over generations, 202 00:13:07,745 --> 00:13:12,541 even a process that consists in identifying individuals with outstanding 203 00:13:12,541 --> 00:13:16,754 genetic characteristics and using them as parents for the next generation. 204 00:13:17,588 --> 00:13:20,049 By selecting and breeding these individuals, 205 00:13:20,257 --> 00:13:23,677 their valuable genetic material is passed on to the offspring, 206 00:13:23,886 --> 00:13:28,182 which leads to an increase in the frequency of desired traits in the population. 207 00:13:29,308 --> 00:13:34,688 Genetic gain depends on several factors, including the heritability of the traits of interest, 208 00:13:34,688 --> 00:13:38,776 the intensity of selection, the genetic variation in the population, 209 00:13:38,901 --> 00:13:41,654 and the time needed to complete 210 00:13:43,322 --> 00:13:45,324 one breeding cycle 211 00:13:47,243 --> 00:13:48,577 Thank you for your attention.