1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,500 Good morning, my name is Ewa Salamończyk, I am an employee of the Institute of Animal Sciences and Fisheries Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Siedlce. 2 00:00:09,500 --> 00:00:15,500 The lecture is about optimizing mating plans and breeding strategies using cattle as an example. 3 00:00:15,500 --> 00:00:26,000 The lecture plan is as follows. Objectives of breeding work, basic stages of breeding work, basic methods of improvement. 4 00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:30,500 I will discuss the first method of improvement, which is selection. 5 00:00:30,500 --> 00:00:36,500 Next, I will talk about the second method of improving cattle, which is selecting pairs for mating. 6 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:40,500 Next, I will describe the effects of implementing cattle breeding programs. 7 00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:44,500 At the end, I will provide a brief summary of the topic being discussed. 8 00:00:44,500 --> 00:00:52,500 The aim of animal breeding is to transform the genetic structure of the herd in a direction that meets human requirements. 9 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:59,000 These requirements focus on improving animals in terms of performance and direction of use. 10 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:07,000 In the case of cattle, such a goal could be to increase milk production or improve meat quality. 11 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:13,000 To achieve the previously selected goal, you must perform the following actions in order. 12 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,000 Conduct a current assessment of the herd of cows in terms of selected production traits and breeding value. 13 00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:23,500 Then choose the animal species and traits that we will improve. 14 00:01:23,500 --> 00:01:29,500 The next step is to select a male for breeding with the female in order to achieve the intended goal. 15 00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:41,500 Improving selected traits in cattle can be done through selecting heifers or cows within the herd and evaluating and selecting bulls in the population or breed. 16 00:01:44,500 --> 00:01:48,500 In cattle breeding, two basic methods are used to improve them. 17 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:53,000 Just selection and mating or crossing pairs for reproduction. 18 00:01:55,000 --> 00:02:02,000 The first method of improvement, selection, is the choice of animals that will be parents of the next generation. 19 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:07,000 Offspring acquires genotype at the time of conception that remains constant throughout its life. 20 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:13,000 Therefore, the appropriate selection of parents can allow for breeding progress. 21 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:24,500 Some well-known selection methods include selecting multiple features at once or selecting based on the total value of features, known as the selection index. 22 00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:32,500 In the breeding program, in addition to the established goal, the following elements are included. 23 00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:38,500 Selection of fathers and mothers of bulls, followed by individual associations of selected individuals. 24 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:44,000 The offspring, or young bulls, are subjected to self-assessment. 25 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:53,000 After reaching a certain age, semen is collected from selected bulls and then used in selected herds for testing purposes. 26 00:02:53,000 --> 00:03:02,000 Daughters born are evaluated for their utility value, milk production performance to determine the breeding value of test bulls. 27 00:03:02,500 --> 00:03:10,500 Genetic progress in cattle is achieved through four distinct pathways. 28 00:03:10,500 --> 00:03:18,500 The father-son path is where bullfathers pass on their best genes to their sons. 29 00:03:18,500 --> 00:03:26,500 Introduced with much greater selectivity, as only 1% of bulls become fathers of sons. 30 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:35,000 These individuals, because there are few of them, have a significant impact on the level of inbreeding in the population in the long run. 31 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:45,000 Therefore, care should be taken to ensure that on the one hand there are few fathers of bulls, and on the other hand they are not closely related. 32 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:53,000 The path of the mother-son is the second path of improvement, on which mothers of bulls are chosen. 33 00:03:53,500 --> 00:04:00,500 Traditionally, it was known for its high sharpness because there were always relatively many cow candidates. 34 00:04:00,500 --> 00:04:09,500 In this pathway, it is not only important to search for the best females, but also crucial that they actually produce the desired male offspring. 35 00:04:10,500 --> 00:04:17,500 The father-daughter relationship is traditionally associated by breeders with breeding work in the herd. 36 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:25,000 Breeders choose her based on their determination to select males with the highest breeding value. 37 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:35,000 Therefore, up to 70% of breeding progress in the herd depends on a well-conducted selection of bulls for cows. 38 00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:47,500 In a typical course of life and productivity of a breeding bull in the conventional method, which is evaluated based on daughters, the following elements are involved. 39 00:04:48,500 --> 00:04:59,500 After birth, the bull is raised, evaluated based on its own utility and suitability for breeding, and then classified into one of four classes. 40 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:06,000 Conventional evaluation of a bull's breeding value takes a long time, even up to 12 years. 41 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:17,000 Due to the significant role of bulls in genetic progress, a very important task is to accurately assess their breeding value. 42 00:05:17,500 --> 00:05:20,500 We distinguish the following methods for evaluating the breeding value of bulls. 43 00:05:21,500 --> 00:05:26,500 Pedigree evaluation, BLUP method and genomic evaluation. 44 00:05:29,500 --> 00:05:38,500 The breeding value assessment by BLUP is expressed as deviations from the average of peers of other sires' daughters. 45 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:43,000 BLAP can be defined as the best linear, unbiased prediction. 46 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:49,000 Best, as estimated breeding values are characterized by high accuracy. 47 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:55,000 Linear, because the statistical model used to estimate breeding value is. 48 00:05:56,000 --> 00:06:01,000 It relies on the cumulative effect of individual factors influencing the levels of specific traits. 49 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,000 unburdened, unencumbered anticipation. 50 00:06:05,500 --> 00:06:10,500 Because it means that the obtained breeding values are minimally distorted. 51 00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:18,500 Through the influence of non-genetic factors, this distinguishes the BLUP method from selection index. 52 00:06:21,500 --> 00:06:25,500 Another method of evaluating the breeding value of bulls is genomic evaluation. 53 00:06:26,500 --> 00:06:32,500 Genomic selection in dairy cattle breeding allows for the identification of genetically superior animals. 54 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:37,000 Allows for the identification of genetically superior animals at a very young age. 55 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:43,000 With greater accuracy than the genetic average value of parents. 56 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:51,000 Genomic evaluation may include a large number of young animals, allowing for more stringent selection. 57 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:59,000 Traditional scheme for evaluating the conventional breeding value in bulls 58 00:06:59,500 --> 00:07:03,500 It takes about 6 years from the selection of parents to the next generation. 59 00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:08,500 Do not use the bull commercially based on the evaluation obtained from his daughters. 60 00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:13,500 This method is accurate but costly and time-consuming. 61 00:07:14,500 --> 00:07:17,500 However, genomic evaluation allows for the valuation of very young animals. 62 00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:23,500 This allows for a shorter generation gap and increased selection sharpness. 63 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:30,000 In the evaluation of bulls based on the milk performance of their offspring, mainly the following factors are taken into account: 64 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:36,000 milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, protein percentage 65 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,000 Trim the number of somatic cells. 66 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,000 One of the selection methods used in cattle is selection indexes. 67 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:51,000 Here are examples of such selection index constructions used for selecting bulls: 68 00:07:51,500 --> 00:07:56,500 In selected countries, combining values of selected features. 69 00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:06,500 In Canada, the LPI index consists of 51% milk production traits and 34% durability. 70 00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:15,500 including lifespan and body type, as well as 15% of traits described as health and fertility. 71 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:23,000 In the United States, the Total Performance Index selection index consists of 36% production traits. 72 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:30,000 28% is related to health and fertility, while 26% is related to body structure traits. 73 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:38,000 On the other hand, the German selection index is even more detailed and complex. 74 00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:44,500 Polish Selective Index Formula Production Functionality is the sum of indexes. 75 00:08:45,500 --> 00:08:50,500 production, cutting, fertility, somatic cell breeding value 76 00:08:51,500 --> 00:08:54,500 and longevity with their proper weight. 77 00:08:56,500 --> 00:09:01,500 Evaluation of breeding value of bulls using the production functionality index in Poland 78 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:06,000 including the Institute of Animal Production, a state research institute, 79 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:11,000 which publishes the ranking of bulls twice a year according to the value of this index. 80 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:20,000 The best bull in terms of breeding value assessment in Poland in December 2023 was the bull CHARON. 81 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:28,000 That is all his individual subindex values in the United States. 82 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,500 and all its values of individual subindices from this rating. 83 00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:42,500 The second method of improving cattle is through selecting pairs. 84 00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:45,500 We distinguish two methods of selecting pairs. 85 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:49,500 Breeding, or the selection of animals for reproduction within one breed. 86 00:09:50,500 --> 00:09:54,500 and crossing, or mating animals of different breeds. 87 00:09:55,000 --> 00:10:00,000 In the case of pairing, we can talk about random or non-random pairings. 88 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,000 of relatives and friends. 89 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:07,000 In the case of crossbreeding, or mating animals of different breeds, 90 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:12,000 we distinguish such as selective breeding, race-mixing, 91 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,000 displacing, commercial and interspecies. 92 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:21,000 We will focus on pairing animals for animal matchmaking. 93 00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:24,500 so that the offspring meets the breeder's expectations, 94 00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:27,500 Two methods of association can be used. 95 00:10:28,500 --> 00:10:31,500 Matching the best cows with the best bulls, 96 00:10:32,500 --> 00:10:35,500 inferior cattle 97 00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:39,500 in terms of a specific production or cutting characteristic 98 00:10:40,500 --> 00:10:44,500 It is inseminated with the semen of a bull, which clearly improves this trait. 99 00:10:47,500 --> 00:10:50,500 How to optimize matchmaking plans? 100 00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:54,500 The most important thing in this regard is to choose the right bull. 101 00:10:55,500 --> 00:10:57,500 because depending on the size of the herd we can obtain 102 00:10:58,500 --> 00:11:00,500 from a few to several dozen heifers per year. 103 00:11:01,500 --> 00:11:04,500 Where to start when choosing bulls and what to pay attention to, 104 00:11:05,500 --> 00:11:06,500 Was the choice optimal? 105 00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:10,500 First, analyze the pedigrees of cows. 106 00:11:11,500 --> 00:11:13,500 Do not allow the association of related animals. 107 00:11:15,500 --> 00:11:19,500 Secondly, choose the buffalo based on characteristics, ease of taming. 108 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:24,000 especially important when pairing heifers and small-breed cows. 109 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,000 Important tip informing the value of a buffalo 110 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:32,000 The selection index is high. 111 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:35,000 but the principle should be that the best is the one who leads, 112 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,000 which fits our herd, 113 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:41,000 Not the one with the highest index value. 114 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,000 Then, breeding values should be taken into account. 115 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:48,000 advantage over daughters' milk components, 116 00:11:48,500 --> 00:11:51,500 percentage of protein as well as characteristics of appearance and structure. 117 00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:57,500 When choosing a bull for mating, consider 118 00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:02,500 functional aspect, previously mentioned ease of extermination and longevity. 119 00:12:06,500 --> 00:12:10,500 One of the options for optimal pairing selection 120 00:12:11,500 --> 00:12:13,500 is the use of a computer program. 121 00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:16,500 which has deep pedigrees of cows and bulls 122 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:21,000 and takes into account genetic defects 123 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:24,000 I respect the future calves' kinship. 124 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,000 Computerized selection programs allow for determining 125 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:32,000 such selection parameters as optimizing one or two features. 126 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:36,000 Preliminary selection is made of bulls that have the appropriate level. 127 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,000 breeding values for production and functional traits. 128 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:44,000 The breeder selects the priority traits to improve. 129 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,000 The choice of the right number of bulls depends on the size of the herd. 130 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,000 degree of credibility, evaluation of breeding value 131 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:59,000 and the level of risk that the breeder is willing to accept. 132 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,000 Do not inseminate with the semen of one bull. 133 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:07,000 more than 15-20% of cows in the herd. 134 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:13,000 So what are the consequences of conducting breeding work in cattle populations? 135 00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:16,500 These are changes in the breeding values of animals. 136 00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:19,500 reduction of genetic variation, 137 00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:24,500 spreading genetic defects, increasing homozygosity. 138 00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:28,500 Breeding decisions related to the selection of animals for mating 139 00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:31,500 unfortunately lead to an increase in inbreeding, 140 00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:35,500 A 1% increase in inbreeding results in a decrease in milk yield. 141 00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:39,500 During a 300-day lactation period, cows typically lose around 20 kg on average. 142 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,000 At the end, a few key points for summarizing the topic. 143 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,000 optimization of mating plans and breeding strategies 144 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,000 For example, cattle. 145 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,000 We call breeding work aimed at breeding operations. 146 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:56,000 To improve numerous traits of animals. 147 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,000 The main focus of improvement in cattle is functional traits. 148 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,000 such as lactation, proper construction, 149 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,000 in which the structure mentions and shapes the arrow, 150 00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:07,500 useful for mechanical milking, 151 00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:10,500 functional or meat utility. 152 00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:14,500 For conducting breeding work, i.e. improving cattle. 153 00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:18,500 knowledge of its utility and breeding value is necessary. 154 00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,500 An assessment of the utility value of cattle is conducted for this purpose. 155 00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:25,500 collecting information about cows' milk production, 156 00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:28,500 chemical composition of milk and the like. 157 00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:32,000 Based on this information, an investigation will be conducted. 158 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,000 selections, meaning animals with outstanding characteristics 159 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,000 with desired properties and are intended for 160 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,000 reproduction. Another element of breeding strategies 161 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,000 pairing selection. This requires 162 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:48,000 knowledge of the value of both males and females. 163 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,000 There are two ways of association. 164 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,000 Matching the best cows with the best meat 165 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,000 with a better association. 166 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:59,000 There are two ways of association. 167 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,000 Matching the best cows with the best bulls 168 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000 and corrective pairing. 169 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,000 The most important elements considered in matchmaking 170 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,000 individual degree of relationship 171 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:16,000 To avoid inbreeding and breeding goal within the herd. 172 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000 (production features, functional features). 173 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000 Thank you for your attention.