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Hello everyone. My name is Dorota Kołodziejczyk.

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I am an employee of the Institute of Zootechnics and Fisheries at the University of Siedlce.

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I have the pleasure to present a lecture to you today.

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about organoleptic assessment and processing of bee products

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And generally about bee products.

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Honey bee is one of the most talented and versatile creatures.

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In the animal kingdom, but also the most human-friendly insect.

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The benefits of using bee labor have long been known.

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Bees offer people a wide range of valuable natural products.

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From honey through beeswax, propolis, royal jelly, and even bee venom.

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Many products can be bought in stores and at beekeeping stands.

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based on bee products.

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Pharmacies and drugstores also offer us numerous cosmetics and supplements.

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which include bee products.

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In the picture, we have a stand with beekeeping products.

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centrally located on the slide.

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On the sides, we see selected bee products.

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from propolis through beeswax, honey candies, pollen, beeswax, and royal jelly.

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One of the most well-known and appreciated products of bees is honey.

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Honey consists mainly of water and sugars.

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These are simple sugars, glucose, fructose, but also contain small amounts of sucrose.

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In addition to sugars in honey, we can distinguish organic acids.

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series of mineral compounds, vitamins, nitrogen compounds, essential oils and dyes.

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How is honey made and what is honey made of?

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Honey is made from either nectar, or honeydew, or both nectar and honeydew.

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Therefore, we can talk about nectar honeys,

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Honeydew honeys and honeydew-nectar honeys.

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What is nectar?

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Nectar is a sweet secretion of flower nectaries and contains a high amount of sugars.

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Its sugar content ranges from 8 to 70%.

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Besides sugars and nectar, we will find mineral salts and nitrogen compounds.

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colorants, vitamins, enzymes, water and essential oils.

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What is sleep, on the other hand?

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Feces is a product of metabolism excreted by insects with straight wings.

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such as woodlice or red ants.

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Spadź is a sweet sticky liquid, composed not only of simple sugars,

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but also disaccharides and trisaccharides.

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Honey is made from these very resources.

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Bees collect nectar or honeydew or both,

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they transport these resources to the hive and process them on site in an amazing way,

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Incredibly interesting and wonderful honey.

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And how does this happen?

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The bee collects nectar or licks up sap with its tongue.

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These resources are stored in the wild.

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It transports them to the hive, then in the hive it expels them as if the contents of that crop.

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During the process of ejecting this content, it enriches it with its enzymes.

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and biologically active substances.

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At this stage, we are already dealing with pre-processed honey.

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This preliminary processed honey is stored in the lower cells of the combs.

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After that, the bees take care of evaporating the water from the honey.

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As there is less and less of this water, the bees carry more mature honey.

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to higher levels of the slice.

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Ripe honeys contain a maximum of about 20% water, no more.

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When the honey is already saturated with the right enzymes,

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contains the right amount of water, is sealed in the upper cells of the honeycomb.

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What can be seen on the slide are the images attached.

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We have two frames shown here with patches.

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In this upper part, you can already see ripe honey.

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covered with a layer of beeswax.

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The color, flavor, aroma, consistency, and acidity of honey are the main characteristics.

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When it comes to the color of honey, it can vary.

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From almost white through light to dark yellow,

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From herbal, amber, to brown with a slightly greenish-brown hue.

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The color of honey depends on several factors.

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Climate and geographical location are among the factors influencing this.

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bee products, dyes, castrated color, but also bee species.

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When it comes to smell.

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The smell, of course, depends on various aromatic substances.

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and from the benefits that made up this raw material base in the production of honey.

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Most often, it is the smell of honey that comes from nectar.

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In the case of honeydew honeys, where the raw material was honeydew,

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the smell of this honeydew will remind us of the scent of pine needles and resin,

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When it comes to taste.

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The taste of honey is also diverse, just like its color.

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Generally, the taste of honey is described as sweet, pleasant, and mild.

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They give me honeys that can be delicately sharp and spicy in taste,

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and even slightly bitter.

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The consistency of honey depends on its freshness.

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Very fresh honey obtained directly during honey collection from bees with a liquid consistency.

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Over time, such honey crystallizes and of course this is a very natural and desirable process.

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Honeys crystallize in different ways.

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These are tiny crystals scattered all over the surface of the product.

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sometimes in the form of large crystals.

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However, the most important thing is for this honey to crystallize.

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This is also a sign of good quality honey.

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Honeys that do not crystallize most of the time likely contain too much water.

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And possibly these honeys are adulterated with various other substances.

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I was just mentioning that depending on the source material, honey can vary.

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We have nectar honeydew or nectar-honeydew mixed honeys.

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On the other hand, if we consider the type of benefit that bees derive from it,

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we highlight here multifloral honeys, rapeseed honey, buckwheat honey, acacia honey, heather honey.

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There are actually a variety of different versions.

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Depending on where the bees were and where they sourced the raw material in the form of nectar.

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Multifloral honey is light, creamy-straw colored, with a delicate floral scent.

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It crystallizes into a sweet taste within a few weeks, from three to six weeks.

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Rapeseed honey, on the other hand, crystallizes very quickly and can even crystallize within a week after harvesting.

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It has a sweet, slightly bitter taste and is practically white in color.

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Loved by children because it spreads very well on bread after solidifying.

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It tastes sweet and pleasant to the palate.

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Acacia honey is pale cream.

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The scent of acacia is clearly felt in fresh acacia honey.

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This is one of the honeys that contains a fairly high water content.

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Therefore, it can crystallize for a longer period of time.

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Linden honey, one of the most well-known linden honeys recommended for the autumn-winter period.

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Honey is very tasty, it may have a slightly spicy taste, which of course does not diminish its value.

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The color of linden honey can vary from almost white to dark yellow or amber with a greenish hue.

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Multifloral summer honey has a color ranging from light yellow to dark greenish.

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The scent varies depending on the flowers from which bees collect nectar.

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Heather honey is amber-green in color,

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It has a very pleasant smell, quite strong, sweet, slightly bitter.

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You can say that this honey does not crystallize, but jelifies, because after crystallization it maintains a gelatinous form.

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Honeydew honey is amber with a greenish tint, lightly spicy aroma, sweet taste, and crystallizes within a few weeks.

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Needle and deciduous honeydew. Needle honeydew is dark brown with a greenish or gray-green hue.

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with a strong scent of pine needles and resin, with a sweet-resinous taste.

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The leafy one is brown with a brownish-green hue and a sweet-bitter taste.

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Although honey is mainly a mixture of sugars, it is considered one of the healthiest products on the market.

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These are simple sugars, contained here in honey in the form of glucose and fructose.

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And these are sugars easily absorbed by us, by our body and do not burden the heart muscle.

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Research shows that the human body requires much more energy to metabolize sucrose compared to sugars found in honey.

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Glucose derived from honey is about 40 times more effective and efficiently utilized by the body than glucose produced artificially.

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As research has shown, scientists have proven that regular consumption of honey has a positive impact on the human body, on our health.

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Favors increased mental development, enhanced immunity, and regeneration in cases of mental or physical exhaustion.

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What is the effect of honey? Primarily, it has antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antiallergic, and liver and bile duct support properties.

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Promotes rapid wound healing, prevents tooth decay, inhibits atherosclerosis, lowers blood pressure, and dilates blood vessels.

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Another product highly valued by us humans is flower pollen.

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Flower pollen is also called bee bread.

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Pollen grains are the male gametes of plants, which bees collect when they land on a flower and their bodies become covered in this pollen. The bee then gathers this pollen from its body and forms it into pollen.

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These little balls and those balls are called bee bread.

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The bee carries pollen in the baskets of its hind legs.

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In the pictures, we see exactly that third pair of legs to which shopping bags are attached.

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These are the baskets in which flower pollen, or bee bread, has been carefully placed.

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Each of the opened beads contains about 100,000 pollen grains and weighs between 8 to 20 milligrams.

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After transferring the pollen, or these pellets to the hive, the bee shakes them into the cells of the comb.

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After that, the bees are killed by pouring honey on them in a way that cuts off their access to air.

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Fermentation occurs under such conditions and the product formed in this process is propolis.

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Pollen is another very valuable food not only for bees, but also for us humans.

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This is a high-protein food that has beneficial effects for many diseases.

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It shows antibiotic activity, recommended for physical and mental exhaustion, supports concentration, memory, very beneficial for vision.

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Both pollen and propolis are increasingly being used in the production of food products.

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Additionally, propolis is used in cosmetology as it reduces wrinkles and stretch marks.

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Beeswax is also a very valuable bee product.

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This is a product that comes directly from bees, as it is produced or secreted by the wax glands of worker bees.

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Wax glands are located on the ventral side of the worker's body.

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From these glands, wax flows out of the ducts in a liquid form initially.

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When caught in the air, it crystallizes and takes the form of thin white flakes.

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To produce 1 kg of beeswax, bees need to consume about 4 kg of honey.

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The wax glands of bees are most active between the 12th and 8th day of their life.

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It mainly consists of carbohydrate fatty acids, hydroxyacids, alcohols, and esters.

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Wax is a solid, brittle substance that becomes flexible in the fingers and under heat.

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It has a pleasant smell, like honey and propolis.

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When it comes to color, the wax can also vary, from almost white to dark yellow.

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and even brown, with the darker wax, the worse its quality.

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Wax melts at a temperature between 62 and 65 degrees Celsius.

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fresh wax secreted directly by worker bees,

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It melts at a temperature of 72 degrees Celsius.

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Wax is used to produce candles.

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in the pharmaceutical industry as an addition to patches, ointments.

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chemical industry.

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Wax-based products such as pastes, varnishes, and polishes are produced.

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and is also used for candle production.

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Beeswax candles work much better for us.

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Not to our well-being, but rather those artificially created.

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Beeswax candles negatively ionize the air.

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they help us focus,

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help eliminate unpleasant odors.

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Therefore, I personally also recommend using

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In the comfort of home, such candles and not others.

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More and more often you can also find on the market

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candles made of wax or beeswax.

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A very valuable product, also directly sourced from bees

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It's bee milk.

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Bee milk will be the secretion of pharyngeal glands,

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young worker bees.

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This is food for larvae and bees.

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especially larvae during this early stage of development,

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The queen mother is also fed with royal jelly throughout her life.

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In the absence of pollen, pharyngeal glands stop producing royal jelly.

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What are the properties of royal jelly?

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The color of bee milk is white or blue-white.

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It may be slightly yellow and dirty gray.

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Fresh milk is liquid, relatively thick and creamy.

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On the market, we find milk in the form of lyophilized.

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The scent of royal jelly is faint, slightly sour, and reminiscent of milk.

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On the other hand, in taste milk is sour, bitter-tart or tart-sour.

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Where is royal jelly used?

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It is used both internally and externally.

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Milk has bactericidal and fungicidal properties.

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It fights viruses from group A and B.

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It contains a variety of mineral compounds.

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organic compounds, amino acids, enzymes, and vitamins.

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Bee pollen has high nutritional value,

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beneficially affects metabolism,

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helps in treating anemia and in diseases of old age.

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It also lowers cholesterol levels.

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expands coronary vessels,

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It has a good effect on all kinds of skin irritations.

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and more often we can come across royal jelly

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as an ingredient in many cosmetics.

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It is also worth mentioning that the queen mother

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was fed during this time.

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early bee milk, and nothing else.

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Worker bees feed her throughout the entire development period.

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for 16 days and a fully functional organism emerges from it.

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A fertilized, queen bee.

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So this is also evidence that royal jelly

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is very good food,

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providing all necessary nutritional needs.

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-

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-

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Another product

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to propolis.

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Bee propolis otherwise known as bee glue.

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Bees produce it in balsamic, resinous substances.

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which they collect from buds, trees and shrubs as well as resins.

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The propolis collection is dependent on the bee race.

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and their demand for this product.

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Propolis is mainly used by bees for disinfection.

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all parts of a bee nest,

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including sealing strips for beehive frames,

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polishing, disinfecting the cells of the patch

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I seal.

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Also used for embalming

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large, impossible for bees

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to be removed pollutants.

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In color, propolis is brownish-green.

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Yellow and sometimes even reddish.

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Depending on where it comes from?

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In bee colonies, bees produce

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With the consistency of propolis

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the smallest solid body

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at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius

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it is tough,

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soft and pliable becomes at a temperature of 36 degrees Celsius,

234
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however at a temperature of 60-70 degrees Celsius

235
00:27:25,780 --> 00:27:28,780
It is rare.

236
00:27:29,360 --> 00:27:32,360
The taste of propolis is sharp, bitter, astringent, and pungent.

237
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The smell is pleasant and spicy.

238
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reminiscent of cinnamon.

239
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The composition of propolis is naturally diverse.

240
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It depends on his origin.

241
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geographic, plant

242
00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:58,360
since it was gathered and placed in the hive.

243
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Propolis as a raw material

244
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widely used

245
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in cardiovascular diseases,

246
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otolaryngologicznych, dermatologicznych

247
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in diseases of the respiratory or digestive system.

248
00:28:20,360 --> 00:28:23,360
It has a bacteriostatic effect.

249
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it is also used in skin diseases

250
00:28:27,940 --> 00:28:30,940
on a large scale

251
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It is also used in the cosmetic industry.

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Thank you very much for your attention.