1 00:00:00,270 --> 00:00:02,390 Hello, let me introduce you in the 2 00:00:02,390 --> 00:00:04,550 following lecture to the nomenclature of 3 00:00:04,550 --> 00:00:07,030 dog breeds and the application of tests 4 00:00:07,030 --> 00:00:08,920 in the use of dogs by man. 5 00:00:09,940 --> 00:00:12,620 This lecture is part of Module 4 6 00:00:12,620 --> 00:00:15,060 Precision Livestock Breeding, which is 7 00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:16,980 part of the ISAGREED project. 8 00:00:18,020 --> 00:00:20,220 This presentation was supported by an 9 00:00:20,220 --> 00:00:23,020 Erasmus + KA2 Partnerships 10 00:00:23,020 --> 00:00:25,580 for Cooperation grant. Innovating the 11 00:00:25,580 --> 00:00:28,060 structure and content of study programmes 12 00:00:28,060 --> 00:00:30,140 in the management of animal genetic and 13 00:00:30,140 --> 00:00:32,780 food resources using digitization. 14 00:00:35,800 --> 00:00:37,600 Domestication of the dog 15 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:41,400 The life paths of two animal species, 16 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:44,240 the proto human and the wolf crossed about 17 00:00:44,240 --> 00:00:46,121 14,000 years ago. 18 00:00:47,041 --> 00:00:49,801 To this day no one has fully explained 19 00:00:49,801 --> 00:00:52,321 how this happened. The proto 20 00:00:52,321 --> 00:00:54,241 human and the wolf were competing 21 00:00:54,241 --> 00:00:56,921 species. As we know, 22 00:00:57,001 --> 00:00:59,561 competing species don't have much love 23 00:00:59,561 --> 00:01:02,401 for each other in nature. There are 24 00:01:02,401 --> 00:01:05,111 only theories. Probably 25 00:01:05,111 --> 00:01:07,151 these two species found that they could 26 00:01:07,151 --> 00:01:09,311 complement each other in hunting game. 27 00:01:10,311 --> 00:01:12,471 Man has been taking advantage of the 28 00:01:12,471 --> 00:01:14,671 characteristics of dogs since time 29 00:01:14,671 --> 00:01:17,471 immemorial. Wolves and later 30 00:01:17,471 --> 00:01:20,031 dogs compared to man when hunting, 31 00:01:20,151 --> 00:01:22,231 excelled in speed and the ability to 32 00:01:22,231 --> 00:01:25,151 track game. Man, on the 33 00:01:25,151 --> 00:01:27,631 other hand, was able to kill game more 34 00:01:27,631 --> 00:01:29,631 quickly with primitive weapons. 35 00:01:30,631 --> 00:01:32,911 The first use of dogs was for hunting 36 00:01:32,911 --> 00:01:35,431 game where men used the original innate 37 00:01:35,431 --> 00:01:38,191 qualities such as tracking. Searching, 38 00:01:38,311 --> 00:01:40,111 trapping and holding game. 39 00:01:41,111 --> 00:01:43,511 In the past, it was thought that the dog 40 00:01:43,511 --> 00:01:46,271 had multiple ancestors besides the wolf, 41 00:01:46,271 --> 00:01:48,671 such as coyotes and jackals. 42 00:01:49,711 --> 00:01:52,151 Genetic analysis have confirmed that the 43 00:01:52,151 --> 00:01:54,671 only ancestor of all dog breeds is a 44 00:01:54,671 --> 00:01:57,151 single species and that is the wolf. 45 00:01:58,191 --> 00:02:00,511 The hunting qualities of dogs are not 46 00:02:00,511 --> 00:02:02,711 only used in actual hunting, but the 47 00:02:02,711 --> 00:02:05,311 weakened hunting qualities are also used 48 00:02:05,311 --> 00:02:05,991 in herding. 49 00:02:09,071 --> 00:02:11,471 The environment in which man lived and 50 00:02:11,471 --> 00:02:13,631 the type of prey haunted determined the 51 00:02:13,631 --> 00:02:15,712 morphological and psychological 52 00:02:15,712 --> 00:02:18,352 characteristics of prehistoric dogs. 53 00:02:19,272 --> 00:02:21,912 The use of traits and instincts is always 54 00:02:21,912 --> 00:02:24,152 closely related to the basic needs of 55 00:02:24,152 --> 00:02:26,952 humans. For the first time in 56 00:02:26,952 --> 00:02:29,592 history, man enters into the selection of 57 00:02:29,592 --> 00:02:32,232 animal population genes in dogs. 58 00:02:33,232 --> 00:02:35,432 He weeds out dominant and aggressive 59 00:02:35,432 --> 00:02:37,952 individuals that do not respect man as 60 00:02:37,952 --> 00:02:40,912 the leader of the pack. He begins to 61 00:02:40,912 --> 00:02:43,472 trace character traits and influences the 62 00:02:43,472 --> 00:02:45,272 next generation of dogs. 63 00:02:46,272 --> 00:02:49,072 Over time, dogs begin to be used for 64 00:02:49,072 --> 00:02:51,272 other activities besides hunting. 65 00:02:52,232 --> 00:02:55,032 The use of dogs by different peoples in 66 00:02:55,032 --> 00:02:57,072 different geographical and climatic 67 00:02:57,072 --> 00:02:59,592 conditions and with different working or 68 00:02:59,592 --> 00:03:02,392 social purposes has led to the emergence 69 00:03:02,392 --> 00:03:04,672 of many breeds with different focuses of 70 00:03:04,672 --> 00:03:05,352 their work. 71 00:03:08,472 --> 00:03:10,712 In the course of evolution, the dog 72 00:03:10,712 --> 00:03:13,152 becomes almost everything that man is. 73 00:03:14,032 --> 00:03:16,232 It becomes a hunter and protector of 74 00:03:16,232 --> 00:03:18,832 human habitation. It is 75 00:03:18,832 --> 00:03:21,112 interesting that the dog that hunts game 76 00:03:21,112 --> 00:03:23,112 becomes a protector of the herd and a 77 00:03:23,112 --> 00:03:25,432 shepherd who merely drives away grazing 78 00:03:25,432 --> 00:03:28,192 animals. It is used to pull 79 00:03:28,192 --> 00:03:31,072 mainly sledges in the snow. It 80 00:03:31,072 --> 00:03:33,112 is used in war expeditions. 81 00:03:34,112 --> 00:03:36,352 It is also used for entertainment, 82 00:03:36,552 --> 00:03:39,032 especially dog fights between each other, 83 00:03:39,032 --> 00:03:41,352 but also with other species of animals. 84 00:03:42,502 --> 00:03:45,262 Dog fights with bulls, bears, and other 85 00:03:45,262 --> 00:03:47,943 species are popular to 86 00:03:47,943 --> 00:03:50,543 this end. Even breed specific to bull 87 00:03:50,543 --> 00:03:53,103 fighting such as the bull terrier are 88 00:03:53,103 --> 00:03:55,663 being created. Since the 89 00:03:55,663 --> 00:03:57,583 beginning of the domestication of this 90 00:03:57,583 --> 00:04:00,223 species. The dog has been used as a 91 00:04:00,223 --> 00:04:02,183 slaughter animal by some people 92 00:04:02,183 --> 00:04:05,103 practically until today. Some 93 00:04:05,103 --> 00:04:07,383 people have been using the dog for social 94 00:04:07,383 --> 00:04:09,483 purposes since ancient times. 95 00:04:10,533 --> 00:04:13,053 The second use of dogs by humans is 96 00:04:13,053 --> 00:04:14,773 considered to be as a helper in 97 00:04:14,773 --> 00:04:16,453 protecting herds and herding. 98 00:04:17,533 --> 00:04:20,173 Herding behaviour in dogsis a modified 99 00:04:20,173 --> 00:04:22,493 predatory behaviour. 100 00:04:22,493 --> 00:04:25,133 Selective breeding of dogs has minimised 101 00:04:25,133 --> 00:04:27,893 the natural tendency to regard livestock 102 00:04:27,893 --> 00:04:30,533 as potential prey while retaining some of 103 00:04:30,533 --> 00:04:32,853 the hunting qualities towards predators, 104 00:04:32,973 --> 00:04:35,053 resulting in a very effective herding 105 00:04:35,053 --> 00:04:37,573 dog. In the agrarian 106 00:04:37,573 --> 00:04:40,493 sector, we mainly use the characteristics 107 00:04:40,493 --> 00:04:43,193 of dogs for livestock. Which help us in 108 00:04:43,193 --> 00:04:45,353 various working operations with the 109 00:04:45,353 --> 00:04:47,193 animals replacing human 110 00:04:47,193 --> 00:04:49,993 labour. This includes 111 00:04:51,033 --> 00:04:52,913 herding, where we are talking about 112 00:04:52,913 --> 00:04:55,843 herding dogs. Herd 113 00:04:55,843 --> 00:04:57,323 guarding, where we are talking about 114 00:04:57,323 --> 00:05:00,083 sheepdogs and herding, 115 00:05:00,123 --> 00:05:02,043 where we use cattle dogs. 116 00:05:03,043 --> 00:05:05,883 In all cases these are suppressed hunting 117 00:05:05,883 --> 00:05:08,443 characteristics with an attempt to chase 118 00:05:08,443 --> 00:05:11,283 animals in front of the Alfa individual. 119 00:05:11,473 --> 00:05:14,233 Similar to wolf hunting, the 120 00:05:14,233 --> 00:05:16,754 alpha individual is represented by the 121 00:05:16,754 --> 00:05:19,424 human handler. The last 122 00:05:19,424 --> 00:05:21,664 phase of the hunt, killing the prey, is 123 00:05:21,664 --> 00:05:23,344 suppressed in these dogs. 124 00:05:24,264 --> 00:05:26,224 Occasionally it appears in some 125 00:05:26,224 --> 00:05:28,504 individuals it is 126 00:05:28,504 --> 00:05:31,144 undesirable. The weaker 127 00:05:31,144 --> 00:05:33,184 manifestation of this trait can be 128 00:05:33,184 --> 00:05:35,944 suppressed by training. Such 129 00:05:35,944 --> 00:05:38,024 individuals should not be used in 130 00:05:38,024 --> 00:05:39,024 reproduction. 131 00:05:42,094 --> 00:05:44,374 Hunting game in the Middle Ages without 132 00:05:44,374 --> 00:05:47,334 dogs was unthinkable. People 133 00:05:47,334 --> 00:05:49,454 then had guns that could hunt effectively 134 00:05:49,454 --> 00:05:52,414 only within a few dozen metres. 135 00:05:52,414 --> 00:05:54,454 Dogs were used to track game, 136 00:05:54,534 --> 00:05:56,654 specifically tracking dogs. 137 00:05:57,534 --> 00:05:59,734 They worked on a long tracking line. 138 00:06:00,654 --> 00:06:02,774 They were able to concentrate on an old 139 00:06:02,774 --> 00:06:05,614 game trail. If they tracked the 140 00:06:05,614 --> 00:06:07,894 game to where it had escaped from, then a 141 00:06:07,894 --> 00:06:10,014 pack of Durex would be released on the 142 00:06:10,014 --> 00:06:12,624 warm trail of the game. The 143 00:06:12,624 --> 00:06:15,064 Durex caught up with the game, holding it 144 00:06:15,064 --> 00:06:17,184 until the hunters were able to get a hold 145 00:06:17,184 --> 00:06:19,824 of it. Fighting dogs, 146 00:06:19,904 --> 00:06:22,544 herding dogs and guard dogs were also 147 00:06:22,544 --> 00:06:25,264 developed. Man is already 148 00:06:25,264 --> 00:06:28,184 intervening in dog breeding. He 149 00:06:28,184 --> 00:06:31,104 is beginning to breed desirablegenotypes. 150 00:06:34,094 --> 00:06:36,534 The modern age is characterised by the 151 00:06:36,534 --> 00:06:38,414 stabilisation of breeds. 152 00:06:39,414 --> 00:06:41,814 The working use of dogs can be divided 153 00:06:41,814 --> 00:06:44,654 into hunting dogs, dogs used in war 154 00:06:44,654 --> 00:06:46,615 and dogs used in service, 155 00:06:47,575 --> 00:06:49,535 dogs protecting the dwelling against 156 00:06:49,535 --> 00:06:51,655 thieves, game and rodents. 157 00:06:52,575 --> 00:06:54,615 Dogs are used for herding and herd 158 00:06:54,615 --> 00:06:57,535 protection. Dogs used for the 159 00:06:57,535 --> 00:06:59,815 entertainment of people are also bred 160 00:07:00,775 --> 00:07:03,535 practically until the 20th century, dog 161 00:07:03,535 --> 00:07:06,435 fights are popular. Hunting 162 00:07:06,435 --> 00:07:09,115 uses of dogs are still popular today. 163 00:07:10,075 --> 00:07:12,155 Since the beginning of the modern era, 164 00:07:12,195 --> 00:07:14,515 the sporting use of dogs appears. 165 00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:18,275 For betting dogs. It was field trials 166 00:07:18,355 --> 00:07:20,195 which are still popular today. 167 00:07:21,075 --> 00:07:23,435 Today we know many sporting uses of 168 00:07:23,435 --> 00:07:26,405 dogs. Agility is very 169 00:07:26,405 --> 00:07:29,365 popular. Sports synology is 170 00:07:29,365 --> 00:07:31,325 also very popular today. 171 00:07:32,205 --> 00:07:34,805 More and more dogs are establishing a 172 00:07:34,805 --> 00:07:37,645 social status among people in which no 173 00:07:37,645 --> 00:07:40,245 work is required of the dog, just playing 174 00:07:40,245 --> 00:07:41,685 the role of a companion. 175 00:07:43,015 --> 00:07:45,535 Many breeds used for work in the past are 176 00:07:45,535 --> 00:07:47,975 losing their working qualities as society 177 00:07:47,975 --> 00:07:50,255 becomes more interested in their exterior 178 00:07:50,255 --> 00:07:51,255 characteristics. 179 00:07:54,245 --> 00:07:57,005 Today, Synology is governed by the 180 00:07:57,005 --> 00:07:58,125 world's top dog 181 00:07:58,125 --> 00:08:01,085 breeding organisation, known asthe 182 00:08:01,085 --> 00:08:03,725 FCI. Selected countries are either 183 00:08:03,725 --> 00:08:06,285 Members or Associate. Members, may be 184 00:08:06,285 --> 00:08:09,125 bound to the FCI by various treaties or 185 00:08:09,125 --> 00:08:11,125 have no connection with the FCI. 186 00:08:12,515 --> 00:08:15,195 The objectives of dog breeding worldwide 187 00:08:15,195 --> 00:08:17,036 are in accordance with the rules and 188 00:08:17,036 --> 00:08:18,956 legislation of each country. 189 00:08:19,876 --> 00:08:22,116 These include encouraging and promoting 190 00:08:22,116 --> 00:08:24,596 the breeding, registration and use of 191 00:08:24,596 --> 00:08:26,476 purebred dogs with a pedigree 192 00:08:26,476 --> 00:08:28,476 certificate, ensuring that their 193 00:08:28,476 --> 00:08:30,396 functional health and physical 194 00:08:30,396 --> 00:08:32,596 characteristics meet the standards set 195 00:08:32,596 --> 00:08:34,236 for each respective breed, 196 00:08:35,276 --> 00:08:37,276 enabling them to work and perform a 197 00:08:37,276 --> 00:08:39,636 variety of functions in accordance with 198 00:08:39,636 --> 00:08:41,676 the specific characteristics of their 199 00:08:41,676 --> 00:08:44,506 breed. Protecting the use, 200 00:08:44,546 --> 00:08:47,106 ownership and breeding of purebred dogs 201 00:08:47,106 --> 00:08:49,386 with pedigree certificates in countries 202 00:08:49,386 --> 00:08:51,386 where the association has a member or 203 00:08:51,386 --> 00:08:53,546 contracting partner. Promoting the 204 00:08:53,546 --> 00:08:55,506 nonprofit exchange of dogs and 205 00:08:55,506 --> 00:08:58,146 information about synergy between members 206 00:08:58,146 --> 00:09:00,866 and contracting partners, and initiating 207 00:09:00,866 --> 00:09:02,986 the organisation of dog shows, 208 00:09:03,066 --> 00:09:05,706 trials, tests, conferences. 209 00:09:07,006 --> 00:09:09,326 Sporting and educational events. The use 210 00:09:09,326 --> 00:09:11,886 of dogs in rescue operations and for 211 00:09:11,886 --> 00:09:14,446 other special purposes such as therapy. 212 00:09:15,716 --> 00:09:17,996 And other dog related activities 213 00:09:18,876 --> 00:09:21,276 to promote and support synology and the 214 00:09:21,276 --> 00:09:23,516 care of dogs throughout the world within 215 00:09:23,516 --> 00:09:25,436 the jurisdiction of each member or 216 00:09:25,436 --> 00:09:27,996 contractor and to the extent practicable, 217 00:09:27,996 --> 00:09:30,036 for each member or contractor. 218 00:09:33,056 --> 00:09:34,896 Maintaining the original working 219 00:09:34,896 --> 00:09:36,856 characteristics of the breeds plays a 220 00:09:36,856 --> 00:09:39,536 huge role nowadays, as in the last 221 00:09:39,536 --> 00:09:41,416 period there has been a decline in the 222 00:09:41,416 --> 00:09:43,656 working characteristics of many working 223 00:09:43,656 --> 00:09:45,856 breeds and a preference mainly for their 224 00:09:45,856 --> 00:09:47,697 exterior characteristics. 225 00:09:50,767 --> 00:09:53,567 Almost 400 recognised dog breeds are 226 00:09:53,567 --> 00:09:56,407 classified into 10 FCI groups. From the 227 00:09:56,407 --> 00:09:58,207 organisational point of view, 228 00:09:59,287 --> 00:10:01,567 the breeds are classified into groups 229 00:10:01,567 --> 00:10:03,047 according to certain common 230 00:10:03,047 --> 00:10:06,007 characteristics. Reassignment 231 00:10:06,007 --> 00:10:08,527 of breeds between groups is possible but 232 00:10:08,527 --> 00:10:10,967 exceptional, subject to a complex 233 00:10:10,967 --> 00:10:13,957 process. The creation of new 234 00:10:13,957 --> 00:10:16,797 breeds is also possible subject to 235 00:10:16,797 --> 00:10:19,277 the new breed recognition procedure. 236 00:10:20,237 --> 00:10:22,717 Breeding and recognition are carried out 237 00:10:22,877 --> 00:10:25,237 first at the national level and later at 238 00:10:25,237 --> 00:10:27,917 international level. The whole 239 00:10:27,917 --> 00:10:30,037 process is strictly described. 240 00:10:33,137 --> 00:10:36,017 One the group is hurting and cattle dogs, 241 00:10:36,017 --> 00:10:37,897 with the exception of Swiss shepherd 242 00:10:37,897 --> 00:10:40,727 dogs. Two the group are 243 00:10:40,727 --> 00:10:43,407 pinchers and bear dyes, molysoid breeds, 244 00:10:43,407 --> 00:10:45,927 Swiss mountain and shepherd dogs 245 00:10:46,927 --> 00:10:49,127 . 3 The group of terriers 246 00:10:50,167 --> 00:10:52,447 . 4 The group are dachshunds 247 00:10:53,487 --> 00:10:56,447 . 5 The group are spits and primitive 248 00:10:56,447 --> 00:10:58,167 or native dog breeds 249 00:10:59,167 --> 00:11:01,327 . 6 The group ardourics, 250 00:11:01,447 --> 00:11:03,727 dachshunds and related breeds. 251 00:11:05,137 --> 00:11:07,577 Seven the group is builders 252 00:11:08,657 --> 00:11:11,577 . 8 the group are Retrievers, Slayers, 253 00:11:11,657 --> 00:11:14,527 water dogs. Nine 254 00:11:14,607 --> 00:11:16,727 companion and Guide Dogs 255 00:11:17,688 --> 00:11:19,088 . 10 greyhounds. 256 00:11:22,368 --> 00:11:25,128 Sheepdogs and cattle dogs, except Swiss 257 00:11:25,128 --> 00:11:27,848 cattle dogs, are dogs that have been bred 258 00:11:27,848 --> 00:11:30,168 to protect the herd from wild animals, 259 00:11:30,408 --> 00:11:32,688 protect the dwelling. They do not have a 260 00:11:32,688 --> 00:11:34,688 fully developed hunting instinct. 261 00:11:35,798 --> 00:11:38,398 The body structure is adapted to everyday 262 00:11:38,398 --> 00:11:40,798 work. They are tenacious and Hardy, 263 00:11:41,718 --> 00:11:44,478 adapted to adverse climatic conditions. 264 00:11:45,518 --> 00:11:47,358 The coats of the little dogs have a 265 00:11:47,358 --> 00:11:49,958 protective function. Water runs down them 266 00:11:49,958 --> 00:11:52,878 well. They have a dense undercoat 267 00:11:52,878 --> 00:11:55,518 and a thick layer of subcutaneous fat 268 00:11:55,558 --> 00:11:57,518 which protects them against heat loss. 269 00:11:59,328 --> 00:12:01,368 Service breeds are also included in this 270 00:12:01,368 --> 00:12:03,448 group, which are characterised by 271 00:12:03,448 --> 00:12:05,798 docility. Innate distrust of 272 00:12:05,798 --> 00:12:08,558 strangers, diligence and excellent sense 273 00:12:08,558 --> 00:12:09,318 of smell. 274 00:12:12,338 --> 00:12:14,258 The second group are pinchers and 275 00:12:14,258 --> 00:12:16,738 Schnauzer molasoid breeds and Swiss 276 00:12:16,738 --> 00:12:18,778 mountain and cattle dog socks. 277 00:12:19,818 --> 00:12:22,178 The canine breeds have been bred for dog 278 00:12:22,178 --> 00:12:24,578 fighting By their body structure they are 279 00:12:24,578 --> 00:12:27,378 adapted for fighting. They have a 280 00:12:27,378 --> 00:12:29,618 wide stance of the forelegs and a well 281 00:12:29,618 --> 00:12:32,538 muscled chest, Strong jaws with a strong 282 00:12:32,538 --> 00:12:35,018 bite. They have a lymphatic 283 00:12:35,018 --> 00:12:37,498 constitution with a lot of loose skin. 284 00:12:38,538 --> 00:12:41,048 This group is divided into 3 sections. 285 00:12:41,438 --> 00:12:44,118 Pinchers and bear dyes, moly swords and 286 00:12:44,118 --> 00:12:45,278 Swiss mountain dogs. 287 00:12:48,409 --> 00:12:50,649 The terrier group is quite a diverse 288 00:12:50,649 --> 00:12:53,329 group. They are temperamental, 289 00:12:53,409 --> 00:12:56,169 vocal, tenacious and independent. 290 00:12:57,089 --> 00:12:59,569 Originally bred to hunt game. Mainly 291 00:12:59,569 --> 00:13:01,969 foxes and Badgers underground in 292 00:13:01,969 --> 00:13:04,849 dens. Breeds with a height at 293 00:13:04,849 --> 00:13:07,369 Withers of up to 40 centimetres work in 294 00:13:07,369 --> 00:13:09,729 dens. Others work on the surface 295 00:13:09,729 --> 00:13:11,929 stocking and coursing game. 296 00:13:13,159 --> 00:13:15,239 They are divided into smooth coated, 297 00:13:15,239 --> 00:13:17,799 rough coated and long coated breeds. 298 00:13:18,719 --> 00:13:20,639 Quite a large number of originally 299 00:13:20,639 --> 00:13:22,799 hunting breeds have already lost their 300 00:13:22,799 --> 00:13:25,759 hunting qualities. They find their 301 00:13:25,759 --> 00:13:28,479 use as pet breeds. The 302 00:13:28,479 --> 00:13:31,439 group has four sections, large and medium 303 00:13:31,439 --> 00:13:33,679 sized terriers, small size 304 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:36,279 terriers, bull type terriers and toy 305 00:13:36,279 --> 00:13:37,119 terriers. 306 00:13:40,249 --> 00:13:42,929 Dachshunds are a fairly balanced group ch 307 00:13:42,929 --> 00:13:45,809 aracterised by a long bodyshape with 308 00:13:45,809 --> 00:13:47,889 A1 to 1.7 not desirto 1.8 ratio of h 309 00:13:48,209 --> 00:13:48,849 eight at Withers to body length. The latter is caused by a genetic growth disorder 310 00:13:48,849 --> 00:13:49,249 of long tubular bones called achondroplasia. An excessively long body frame with a ratio above one 311 00:13:50,129 --> 00:13:52,889 to two is 312 00:13:53,569 --> 00:13:53,809 able. The first records of d 313 00:13:53,649 --> 00:14:07,889 314 00:14:01,489 --> 00:14:01,649 achshund, 315 00:14:07,649 --> 00:14:10,569 likedogs, date back to 5000 BC. 316 00:14:11,589 --> 00:14:14,149 Unfortunately, nowadays there are also 317 00:14:14,149 --> 00:14:16,389 opinions about a complete ban on the 318 00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:19,370 breeding of dachshunds. The reason 319 00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:21,010 for this is that it is promoting a 320 00:14:21,010 --> 00:14:22,210 genetic anomaly. 321 00:14:23,210 --> 00:14:25,610 Dachshunds, however, are one of the 322 00:14:25,610 --> 00:14:27,970 relatively healthy and long lived dog 323 00:14:27,970 --> 00:14:30,810 breeds. They were originally 324 00:14:30,810 --> 00:14:33,730 bred to hunt foxes, Badgers but also 325 00:14:33,730 --> 00:14:35,930 otters, Beavers and rabbits 326 00:14:35,930 --> 00:14:38,650 underground. The country of 327 00:14:38,650 --> 00:14:40,690 origin is thought to be Germany. 328 00:14:41,690 --> 00:14:43,970 They are very courageous hunting dogs, 329 00:14:44,090 --> 00:14:46,450 suitable for working above ground. 330 00:14:47,350 --> 00:14:49,590 They have excellent tracking qualities, 331 00:14:49,630 --> 00:14:52,190 searching volume on the warm trail of 332 00:14:52,190 --> 00:14:54,790 game orientation, tracking and 333 00:14:54,790 --> 00:14:57,710 tracking of game. According to the 334 00:14:57,710 --> 00:15:00,430 type of hair, they are divided into short 335 00:15:00,430 --> 00:15:02,390 haired dachshunds, coarse haired 336 00:15:02,390 --> 00:15:05,110 dachshunds and long haired dachshunds. 337 00:15:06,150 --> 00:15:08,350 Dachshunds are divided into 3 338 00:15:08,350 --> 00:15:10,950 sizes. In the past, the 339 00:15:10,950 --> 00:15:13,910 indicator was weight from 2019. It 340 00:15:13,910 --> 00:15:16,850 is chest circumference. This is 341 00:15:16,850 --> 00:15:19,530 measured at a minimum age of 15 months. 342 00:15:20,450 --> 00:15:22,610 There is a precisely defined measuring 343 00:15:22,610 --> 00:15:25,290 point according to the girth. 344 00:15:25,370 --> 00:15:27,730 We divide them into standard dachshunds 345 00:15:27,730 --> 00:15:29,770 with a chest girth of 37 to 346 00:15:29,770 --> 00:15:32,050 47 centimetres for males and 347 00:15:32,050 --> 00:15:34,570 35 to 45 centimetres for 348 00:15:34,570 --> 00:15:37,490 females. Medium size 349 00:15:37,490 --> 00:15:39,610 is miniature dachshunds with a chest 350 00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:42,010 circumference in dogs from 32 to 351 00:15:42,010 --> 00:15:44,810 37 centimetres and inches from 352 00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:46,930 30 to 35 centimetres. 353 00:15:47,991 --> 00:15:50,471 The smallest are rabid dachshunds with a 354 00:15:50,471 --> 00:15:52,271 chest girth of 27 to 355 00:15:52,271 --> 00:15:55,151 32 centimetres for males and 25 356 00:15:55,151 --> 00:15:57,431 to 30 centimetres for females. 357 00:15:58,431 --> 00:16:00,831 By combining the three coat types and 358 00:16:00,831 --> 00:16:03,631 three sizes, we have 9 varieties of 359 00:16:03,631 --> 00:16:04,591 dachshunds. 360 00:16:07,671 --> 00:16:10,551 Within the 4th FCI group of Dachshunds, 361 00:16:10,591 --> 00:16:12,711 we are talking about 9 varieties. 362 00:16:14,531 --> 00:16:16,171 For hunting, mainly standard dachshunds 363 00:16:16,171 --> 00:16:18,491 are used, miniature 364 00:16:18,491 --> 00:16:21,131 dachshunds and rabid dachshunds. Races of 365 00:16:21,131 --> 00:16:23,731 dachshunds find limited use in hunting. 366 00:16:25,691 --> 00:16:26,891 Their tracking qualities may be an 367 00:16:26,891 --> 00:16:29,811 advantage. The working use of the 368 00:16:29,811 --> 00:16:32,491 rabbit and dwarf varieties in Badgers has 369 00:16:32,491 --> 00:16:35,011 been in addition to fox hunting, 370 00:16:35,011 --> 00:16:37,451 also Otter, Beaver and rabbit 371 00:16:37,451 --> 00:16:40,111 hunting. Nowadays, 372 00:16:40,111 --> 00:16:42,511 Dachshunds are popular breeds all over 373 00:16:42,511 --> 00:16:44,791 the world, but they are only used for 374 00:16:44,791 --> 00:16:46,671 hunting purposes in Europe. 375 00:16:49,681 --> 00:16:52,081 Spits and primitive types are breeds 376 00:16:52,081 --> 00:16:54,281 relatively little changed from the wolf's 377 00:16:54,281 --> 00:16:57,121 wild ancestor. They bear a 378 00:16:57,121 --> 00:16:59,881 striking resemblance to it in head, ears 379 00:16:59,881 --> 00:17:02,481 and coat. Spits have a 380 00:17:02,481 --> 00:17:05,201 square body frame, wedge shaped head, 381 00:17:05,201 --> 00:17:07,961 small standing ears, dense undercoat, 382 00:17:08,161 --> 00:17:10,361 a band of thicker fur around the neck. 383 00:17:10,521 --> 00:17:12,521 The tail is curled and carried over the 384 00:17:12,521 --> 00:17:15,361 back. From the working point of 385 00:17:15,361 --> 00:17:17,881 view, a rather diverse group within which 386 00:17:17,881 --> 00:17:20,282 there are hunting, traction and herding 387 00:17:20,282 --> 00:17:23,182 dogs. This fifth 388 00:17:23,182 --> 00:17:25,182 FCI group has seven sections. 389 00:17:26,022 --> 00:17:28,702 It is divided into Nordic sledge dogs, 390 00:17:28,742 --> 00:17:31,702 Nordic hunting dogs, Nordic watchdogs 391 00:17:31,702 --> 00:17:34,502 and herders, European spits, Asian 392 00:17:34,502 --> 00:17:37,302 spits and related breeds, primitive type 393 00:17:37,302 --> 00:17:39,742 and primitive type hunting dogs. 394 00:17:42,792 --> 00:17:44,912 Scent hounds were very much preferred 395 00:17:44,912 --> 00:17:46,792 hunting dogs in the past. 396 00:17:47,672 --> 00:17:50,112 Breeding was focused on finding game and 397 00:17:50,112 --> 00:17:52,392 driving it out of the woods and thickets. 398 00:17:53,232 --> 00:17:55,352 Important innate qualities in scent 399 00:17:55,352 --> 00:17:57,712 hounds are courage in the face of game, 400 00:17:57,712 --> 00:17:59,952 loudness on the warm trail of game, 401 00:17:59,952 --> 00:18:02,552 orientation in the woods, tracking an 402 00:18:02,552 --> 00:18:05,112 interest in game. Leash 403 00:18:05,112 --> 00:18:07,672 hounds are dogs that excel in tracking 404 00:18:07,672 --> 00:18:10,632 qualities. They can concentrate 405 00:18:10,632 --> 00:18:12,952 on working out a trail that is often over 406 00:18:12,952 --> 00:18:15,602 20 hours old. They are 407 00:18:15,602 --> 00:18:18,282 specialists in tracking mainly deer but 408 00:18:18,282 --> 00:18:20,522 also fallow deer and mouflon. 409 00:18:21,522 --> 00:18:24,442 The group is divided into 3 sections, the 410 00:18:24,442 --> 00:18:26,722 scent hounds, leash scent 411 00:18:26,922 --> 00:18:28,922 hounds and the related breeds. 412 00:18:32,012 --> 00:18:34,212 Pointers are relatively modern hunting 413 00:18:34,212 --> 00:18:36,652 dogs. Man has 414 00:18:36,652 --> 00:18:38,292 genetically fostered the trait of 415 00:18:38,292 --> 00:18:40,852 displaying game whereby the can it, 416 00:18:40,972 --> 00:18:43,292 after locating its prey, stands 417 00:18:43,292 --> 00:18:45,612 motionless for a short time and waits for 418 00:18:45,612 --> 00:18:47,692 the right moment to pounce on the prey 419 00:18:47,692 --> 00:18:48,893 with a subsequent leap. 420 00:18:50,733 --> 00:18:52,413 Man specialised the pointers to work with 421 00:18:52,413 --> 00:18:54,773 small game. In some 422 00:18:54,773 --> 00:18:57,253 countries they are also used to work with 423 00:18:57,253 --> 00:18:59,933 big game. Pointers are 424 00:18:59,933 --> 00:19:01,653 dogs that are typically used to 425 00:19:01,653 --> 00:19:04,013 systematically search for small game in 426 00:19:04,013 --> 00:19:06,873 the field. They work with a high 427 00:19:06,873 --> 00:19:09,593 nose. They take in the sense 428 00:19:09,593 --> 00:19:12,473 brought to them by the wind. They 429 00:19:12,473 --> 00:19:14,433 have the genetic trait of exhibiting 430 00:19:14,433 --> 00:19:17,113 game. If they see game in the 431 00:19:17,113 --> 00:19:19,633 undergrowth, they expose it by standing 432 00:19:19,633 --> 00:19:22,233 still. If the game is retreating or is 433 00:19:22,233 --> 00:19:25,073 quite far away, they follow it by slowly 434 00:19:25,073 --> 00:19:27,953 approaching. They maintain scent 435 00:19:27,953 --> 00:19:30,753 contact with the game. Their 436 00:19:30,753 --> 00:19:32,913 main work is in the field where they 437 00:19:32,913 --> 00:19:35,073 excel at systematically searching the 438 00:19:35,073 --> 00:19:37,643 undergrowth. But they also work well in 439 00:19:37,643 --> 00:19:40,603 the water and in the woods. They 440 00:19:40,603 --> 00:19:43,043 are also required to abort haunted game 441 00:19:43,043 --> 00:19:46,003 up to the size of a fox. The 442 00:19:46,003 --> 00:19:47,843 group has two sections, namely 443 00:19:47,843 --> 00:19:50,283 Continental pointing dogs and British and 444 00:19:50,283 --> 00:19:52,603 Irish Pointers and Setters originating 445 00:19:52,603 --> 00:19:55,003 from the British and Irish Isles. Breeds 446 00:19:55,003 --> 00:19:56,923 from the second section of the Pointers 447 00:19:56,923 --> 00:19:58,763 are distinguished by their speed, 448 00:19:58,963 --> 00:20:01,083 excellent sense of smell and display of 449 00:20:01,083 --> 00:20:04,013 game. In the original country 450 00:20:04,013 --> 00:20:06,253 they were mainly used for finding and 451 00:20:06,253 --> 00:20:08,973 exhibiting game birds, the 452 00:20:08,973 --> 00:20:10,733 so-called pre shot work. 453 00:20:11,653 --> 00:20:14,413 Continental pointers excel more in post 454 00:20:14,413 --> 00:20:15,253 shot work. 455 00:20:18,503 --> 00:20:20,864 FCI Group 8 are breeds of dogs 456 00:20:20,864 --> 00:20:23,264 originally bred in the past for hunting, 457 00:20:23,464 --> 00:20:25,464 but many of them have lost their hunting 458 00:20:25,464 --> 00:20:27,944 qualities completely and are used only as 459 00:20:27,944 --> 00:20:30,704 companion dogs. Some of 460 00:20:30,704 --> 00:20:32,344 these breeds, due to their 461 00:20:32,344 --> 00:20:35,224 characteristics, find use as seeing eye 462 00:20:35,224 --> 00:20:36,784 and assistance dogs. 463 00:20:37,824 --> 00:20:40,544 Alternatively, they can also be used as 464 00:20:40,544 --> 00:20:43,064 service dogs, either in the army or the 465 00:20:43,064 --> 00:20:45,864 police. Sniffer dogs 466 00:20:45,864 --> 00:20:47,904 were bred by hunters for persistent 467 00:20:47,904 --> 00:20:49,654 pursuit of game in thickets. 468 00:20:50,684 --> 00:20:52,844 They work with tremendous gusto at a 469 00:20:52,844 --> 00:20:55,084 relatively short distance ahead of the 470 00:20:55,084 --> 00:20:57,844 hunter. They also have excellent 471 00:20:57,844 --> 00:21:00,804 tracking qualities. The group 472 00:21:00,804 --> 00:21:02,724 has three sections and these are the 473 00:21:02,724 --> 00:21:04,964 retrievers, which includes the very 474 00:21:04,964 --> 00:21:06,884 popular Labrador retriever. 475 00:21:07,804 --> 00:21:10,764 Second is flushing dogs and water dogs. 476 00:21:13,854 --> 00:21:16,574 Group nine of the FCI, called companion 477 00:21:16,574 --> 00:21:18,974 breeds, is a relatively diverse group. 478 00:21:19,934 --> 00:21:21,694 Most breeds are miniature. 479 00:21:22,574 --> 00:21:25,454 Many have been revered, bred in castles. 480 00:21:25,534 --> 00:21:28,494 Castles Nahaks were bred 481 00:21:28,494 --> 00:21:31,174 for allergy sufferers. They 482 00:21:31,174 --> 00:21:33,574 find application only as companion 483 00:21:33,574 --> 00:21:36,334 dogs. Many breeds of this 484 00:21:36,334 --> 00:21:38,494 group were bred in the past for working 485 00:21:38,494 --> 00:21:41,414 use. Society's interest in 486 00:21:41,414 --> 00:21:43,574 their characteristic features caused a 487 00:21:43,574 --> 00:21:45,574 complete loss of wool for work. 488 00:21:46,964 --> 00:21:49,445 This group has up to 11 sections. 489 00:21:52,375 --> 00:21:54,975 Group 10 of the FCI, called Sighthounds 490 00:21:54,975 --> 00:21:56,695 is a fairly balanced group. 491 00:21:57,735 --> 00:21:59,975 They are originally fast hunting dogs, 492 00:21:59,975 --> 00:22:02,775 hunting by sight. They worked in 493 00:22:02,775 --> 00:22:05,295 packs and haunted game. Their whole body 494 00:22:05,295 --> 00:22:07,175 is adapted for fast running. 495 00:22:08,135 --> 00:22:10,055 Many of the breeds in this group have 496 00:22:10,055 --> 00:22:12,455 completely lost their hunting qualities. 497 00:22:13,675 --> 00:22:16,315 They are used only as companion dogs or 498 00:22:16,315 --> 00:22:18,635 in sporting use for greyhound racing. 499 00:22:19,675 --> 00:22:22,555 The group has three sections, namely long 500 00:22:22,555 --> 00:22:24,955 haired or fringed sighthounds, rough 501 00:22:24,955 --> 00:22:26,755 haired sighthounds and short haired 502 00:22:26,755 --> 00:22:27,715 sighthounds. 503 00:22:30,755 --> 00:22:33,235 As with other farm animals, we use 504 00:22:33,235 --> 00:22:35,475 different testing methods for dogs. 505 00:22:36,355 --> 00:22:38,955 The tests are aimed at determining the dog 506 00:22:38,955 --> 00:22:41,035 's character traits, the degree of 507 00:22:41,035 --> 00:22:42,835 training achieved and the dog's 508 00:22:42,835 --> 00:22:44,235 behavioural traits. 509 00:22:45,115 --> 00:22:47,595 Willpower traits are quite complex in 510 00:22:47,595 --> 00:22:49,795 terms of testing because many of them 511 00:22:49,795 --> 00:22:51,955 need the correct procedure to awaken a 512 00:22:51,955 --> 00:22:54,435 particular trait. For 513 00:22:54,435 --> 00:22:57,355 example, with setters, we cannot count on 514 00:22:57,355 --> 00:22:59,675 the dog immediately showing the game by 515 00:22:59,675 --> 00:23:01,715 exposure at first contact with a 516 00:23:01,715 --> 00:23:04,605 pheasant. However, showing 517 00:23:04,605 --> 00:23:06,685 pheasants as a trait will awaken in the 518 00:23:06,685 --> 00:23:09,365 Builder over time. There is 519 00:23:09,365 --> 00:23:11,605 also a considerable influence of the 520 00:23:11,605 --> 00:23:13,405 negative experience of having the 521 00:23:13,405 --> 00:23:15,965 pheasant fly away on first contact with 522 00:23:15,965 --> 00:23:18,805 the scent of a pheasant. We have 523 00:23:18,805 --> 00:23:21,246 many similar cases of the awakening of 524 00:23:21,246 --> 00:23:22,926 the trait in synology. 525 00:23:23,766 --> 00:23:26,446 Within controlled synology, people have 526 00:23:26,446 --> 00:23:28,406 developed many different tests for 527 00:23:28,406 --> 00:23:30,086 specific kinds of work. 528 00:23:31,006 --> 00:23:33,166 Perhaps the most striking is in hunting 529 00:23:33,166 --> 00:23:35,966 synology. Where an individual can only 530 00:23:35,966 --> 00:23:38,046 be used in hunting when he has passed the 531 00:23:38,046 --> 00:23:40,046 tests for working with a particular 532 00:23:40,046 --> 00:23:42,686 species of game. In all 533 00:23:42,686 --> 00:23:45,086 sectors of cynology, there are well 534 00:23:45,086 --> 00:23:47,286 developed testing regulations through 535 00:23:47,286 --> 00:23:50,126 which dogs are tested. On the 536 00:23:50,126 --> 00:23:52,486 basis of the testing, they are given an 537 00:23:52,486 --> 00:23:54,726 assessment which reflects their character 538 00:23:54,726 --> 00:23:56,966 traits, the degree of training they have 539 00:23:56,966 --> 00:23:59,166 achieved and the degree of development of 540 00:23:59,166 --> 00:24:01,846 their behavioural talent. The 541 00:24:01,846 --> 00:24:04,486 result of the evaluation also greatly 542 00:24:04,486 --> 00:24:07,126 influences their use in dog breeding. 543 00:24:07,936 --> 00:24:10,376 The evaluation of the tests is done by 544 00:24:10,376 --> 00:24:13,096 certified judges whose education is 545 00:24:13,096 --> 00:24:14,696 methodically managed through the 546 00:24:14,696 --> 00:24:17,136 individual member countries of the FCI. 547 00:24:18,296 --> 00:24:20,696 Testing and use of dogs for work is 548 00:24:20,696 --> 00:24:22,776 conditioned by obedience training. 549 00:24:23,736 --> 00:24:26,416 Obedience training is almost the same in 550 00:24:26,416 --> 00:24:28,896 all breeds. The training 551 00:24:28,896 --> 00:24:31,136 mainly uses reflex theory or 552 00:24:31,136 --> 00:24:32,496 associative learning. 553 00:24:33,456 --> 00:24:35,616 Obedience training is composed of 554 00:24:35,616 --> 00:24:38,006 exercises. Calling the dog, 555 00:24:38,086 --> 00:24:41,046 sitting lying down, walking the dog 556 00:24:41,046 --> 00:24:43,416 at the leg, whether pinned or loose. 557 00:24:44,446 --> 00:24:46,646 It also consists of stay in place 558 00:24:46,646 --> 00:24:49,446 exercises where the dog must remain still 559 00:24:49,446 --> 00:24:50,767 in a specific place. 560 00:24:53,737 --> 00:24:56,017 Reflexive theory uses knowledge and 561 00:24:56,017 --> 00:24:58,377 commands and stimulations to create a 562 00:24:58,377 --> 00:25:01,297 reflex arc. The formation 563 00:25:01,297 --> 00:25:04,217 of reflex arcs is always carried out in a 564 00:25:04,217 --> 00:25:05,217 precise sequence. 565 00:25:07,297 --> 00:25:08,697 Command and stimulus can never be 566 00:25:08,697 --> 00:25:10,777 confused in terms of time. 567 00:25:11,857 --> 00:25:14,377 A command followed by a stimulus 568 00:25:14,537 --> 00:25:16,897 produces the desired irritation in the 569 00:25:16,897 --> 00:25:19,057 Organism with the subsequent desired 570 00:25:19,057 --> 00:25:20,657 reaction of the Organism. 571 00:25:21,957 --> 00:25:24,037 If the trainer is satisfied with the 572 00:25:24,037 --> 00:25:26,637 result, he will give the dog a reward. 573 00:25:27,677 --> 00:25:29,677 With correct repetition of the given 574 00:25:29,677 --> 00:25:32,437 scheme, the desired conditioned reflex 575 00:25:32,437 --> 00:25:35,317 arc is produced. The number 576 00:25:35,317 --> 00:25:37,437 of repetitions to produce the basic 577 00:25:37,437 --> 00:25:40,277 reflex arc depends on several factors, 578 00:25:41,197 --> 00:25:43,197 for example, the nature of the 579 00:25:43,197 --> 00:25:45,717 individual, the environment, training 580 00:25:45,717 --> 00:25:48,557 maturity and others. We 581 00:25:48,557 --> 00:25:50,877 can say that the greatest art of training 582 00:25:50,877 --> 00:25:53,217 is to give the dog the right stimulation. 583 00:25:53,367 --> 00:25:54,527 At the right moment. 584 00:25:57,617 --> 00:25:59,937 Associative learning involves a learned 585 00:25:59,937 --> 00:26:02,497 relationship between events, between 586 00:26:02,497 --> 00:26:04,577 which connections are made that lead to 587 00:26:04,577 --> 00:26:07,377 successful resolution of the situation. 588 00:26:08,257 --> 00:26:11,017 The dog can associate a specific action 589 00:26:11,017 --> 00:26:13,777 to a particular command. For 590 00:26:13,777 --> 00:26:16,457 example, it can associate that the dog's 591 00:26:16,457 --> 00:26:18,377 bottom should be near the ground to the 592 00:26:18,377 --> 00:26:20,578 command sit. The 593 00:26:20,578 --> 00:26:22,938 disadvantage of associative learning is 594 00:26:22,938 --> 00:26:25,058 that it involves the dog's consciousness 595 00:26:25,058 --> 00:26:26,698 in the process of performing the 596 00:26:26,698 --> 00:26:29,408 exercise. Which still gives the dog the 597 00:26:29,408 --> 00:26:32,008 opportunity to reevaluate whether it is 598 00:26:32,008 --> 00:26:33,848 advantageous for him to perform a 599 00:26:33,848 --> 00:26:35,168 particular action. 600 00:26:38,218 --> 00:26:40,698 We know two basic ways of training a 601 00:26:40,698 --> 00:26:43,658 dog. The playway uses the 602 00:26:43,658 --> 00:26:45,938 dog's natural ability to play. 603 00:26:46,778 --> 00:26:48,778 We consider play to be the gentlest 604 00:26:48,778 --> 00:26:51,658 pressure on the dog. The trainer 605 00:26:51,658 --> 00:26:54,218 motivates the dog to food or a toy. 606 00:26:55,138 --> 00:26:57,418 The bottom line is to end the training 607 00:26:57,418 --> 00:26:59,858 when the dog is still enjoying it. At 608 00:26:59,858 --> 00:27:02,698 best, it should be stopped. We 609 00:27:02,698 --> 00:27:04,858 must never get to the point where the dog 610 00:27:04,858 --> 00:27:07,618 refuses to do an exercise anymore because 611 00:27:07,618 --> 00:27:10,448 of fatigue. We need to find out 612 00:27:10,448 --> 00:27:12,688 what will trigger the reaction and what 613 00:27:12,688 --> 00:27:14,808 appropriate stimulus will trigger the 614 00:27:14,808 --> 00:27:17,728 activity we want to teach. For 615 00:27:17,728 --> 00:27:20,208 example, what will provoke a bark, a 616 00:27:20,208 --> 00:27:22,928 sit, etcetera. This 617 00:27:22,928 --> 00:27:25,288 form of training is mainly used with 618 00:27:25,288 --> 00:27:27,048 puppies and young dogs. 619 00:27:28,048 --> 00:27:30,208 The form is suitable for training 620 00:27:30,208 --> 00:27:32,218 characteristically weak dogs. 621 00:27:33,178 --> 00:27:35,618 The advantages are that we cannot spoil 622 00:27:35,618 --> 00:27:37,858 the dog by improper training and the 623 00:27:37,858 --> 00:27:40,378 contact between the handler and dog is 624 00:27:40,378 --> 00:27:43,178 improved. Disadvantages 625 00:27:43,178 --> 00:27:45,498 are mainly the unfixity of the reflex 626 00:27:45,498 --> 00:27:48,378 arcs. The dog only works if he wants to 627 00:27:48,378 --> 00:27:51,179 work. When the dog is not 628 00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:53,739 interested in doing the exercise, we 629 00:27:53,739 --> 00:27:55,699 cannot force him to do the desired 630 00:27:55,699 --> 00:27:58,379 action. The opposite of the 631 00:27:58,379 --> 00:28:00,539 playful way of training is the forced 632 00:28:00,539 --> 00:28:03,449 way. The essence of this method 633 00:28:03,449 --> 00:28:05,649 is to make the dog understand that he has 634 00:28:05,649 --> 00:28:07,929 to perform the exercise and there is no 635 00:28:07,929 --> 00:28:10,529 other option. This method 636 00:28:10,529 --> 00:28:12,529 requires some prctise and a agood 637 00:28:12,529 --> 00:28:14,889 knowledge of the individual's personality 638 00:28:14,889 --> 00:28:17,689 traits. We have only limited 639 00:28:17,689 --> 00:28:20,289 use with characteristically weak dogs. 640 00:28:21,329 --> 00:28:23,529 The advantage is that it is possible to 641 00:28:23,529 --> 00:28:26,489 train a dog at any age except up to six 642 00:28:26,489 --> 00:28:29,369 months. The disadvantage is the 643 00:28:29,369 --> 00:28:31,849 possible betrayal of the dog and the dog 644 00:28:31,849 --> 00:28:33,819 loses trust towards the trainer. 645 00:28:34,839 --> 00:28:37,679 Also a disadvantage is the disruption 646 00:28:37,679 --> 00:28:39,519 of a good relationship between the 647 00:28:39,519 --> 00:28:42,279 trainer and the dog. If not 648 00:28:42,279 --> 00:28:45,159 handled properly, the dogs do not work. 649 00:28:48,229 --> 00:28:50,069 Summoning is considered the most 650 00:28:50,069 --> 00:28:52,749 important exercise. By 651 00:28:52,749 --> 00:28:55,189 means of recall, we can greatly influence 652 00:28:55,189 --> 00:28:57,989 the dog's action. After the 653 00:28:57,989 --> 00:29:00,109 call, the dog should sit in front of the 654 00:29:00,109 --> 00:29:02,709 handler at the leg or join the walk to 655 00:29:02,709 --> 00:29:05,229 our left leg. We use 656 00:29:05,229 --> 00:29:07,949 commands such as to me announcing the dog 657 00:29:07,949 --> 00:29:10,389 by his name or, in the case of hunting 658 00:29:10,389 --> 00:29:13,149 breeds, a double whistle. Without 659 00:29:13,149 --> 00:29:15,509 the individual respecting us, we cannot 660 00:29:15,509 --> 00:29:17,749 call him away from things of interest to 661 00:29:17,749 --> 00:29:20,730 the dog. Through a playful form 662 00:29:20,730 --> 00:29:23,450 of training in recall, we accomplish this 663 00:29:23,450 --> 00:29:25,890 by waiting for a situation where the dog 664 00:29:25,890 --> 00:29:28,650 is away from us, giving the command and 665 00:29:28,650 --> 00:29:30,530 then running in the opposite direction 666 00:29:30,530 --> 00:29:33,370 away from the dog. We achieve 667 00:29:33,370 --> 00:29:35,850 this by having the dog run after us. 668 00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:39,570 It is possible to use a reward food 669 00:29:39,850 --> 00:29:42,370 IEA taste irritant method which makes the 670 00:29:42,370 --> 00:29:44,770 resulting effect even more pronounced. 671 00:29:45,810 --> 00:29:47,650 The forced form of training is 672 00:29:47,650 --> 00:29:49,570 implemented in such a way that we 673 00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:51,970 influence the individual by means of a 674 00:29:51,970 --> 00:29:54,770 light cord. On command, 675 00:29:54,770 --> 00:29:56,970 we mechanically pull the dog in front of 676 00:29:56,970 --> 00:29:59,930 us. An electric training collar 677 00:29:59,930 --> 00:30:02,490 can be used, but it is not the happiest 678 00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:05,450 choice. Through the electric training 679 00:30:05,450 --> 00:30:08,250 collar, we can use correction impulses 680 00:30:08,250 --> 00:30:09,810 over a long distance. 681 00:30:12,860 --> 00:30:15,220 The sit up is an exercise that will be 682 00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:18,140 used in many situations. For example, 683 00:30:18,140 --> 00:30:21,060 when giving in a port. The playful 684 00:30:21,060 --> 00:30:23,700 form is to show the dog the toy above eye 685 00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:26,220 level after the sit command so that the 686 00:30:26,220 --> 00:30:28,620 most appropriate position for the dog is 687 00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:30,620 where he is looking at the toy after the 688 00:30:30,620 --> 00:30:33,060 sit. The forced form 689 00:30:33,060 --> 00:30:35,460 consists in giving a stimulus after the 690 00:30:35,460 --> 00:30:37,460 command, such as will ensure that the 691 00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:39,260 individual is brought into the sit 692 00:30:39,260 --> 00:30:42,100 position. Often the stimulus 693 00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:44,770 is not pleasant to the dog. Resulting in 694 00:30:44,770 --> 00:30:47,250 the formation of a tighter reflex arc. 695 00:30:48,250 --> 00:30:50,811 One way of performing the stimulus is by 696 00:30:50,811 --> 00:30:53,251 waving the lead obliquely upwards towards 697 00:30:53,251 --> 00:30:56,171 the rear after the command. The 698 00:30:56,171 --> 00:30:58,891 dog is uncomfortable with this, seeks a 699 00:30:58,891 --> 00:31:01,131 position where the action stops until 700 00:31:01,131 --> 00:31:03,051 eventually he sits down and the 701 00:31:03,051 --> 00:31:04,971 uncomfortable flicking stops. 702 00:31:05,851 --> 00:31:08,251 Another option is for the trainer to use 703 00:31:08,251 --> 00:31:10,131 the stimulus of hand pressure. 704 00:31:11,011 --> 00:31:13,581 He has the dog in a standing position. 705 00:31:14,471 --> 00:31:16,551 We hold him by the collar with the left 706 00:31:16,551 --> 00:31:18,871 hand and by the loins with the right. 707 00:31:19,871 --> 00:31:22,511 On command, he presses the dog's hips 708 00:31:22,511 --> 00:31:24,791 with his right hand so that he sits up. 709 00:31:27,851 --> 00:31:30,811 The exercise of lying down or so-called 710 00:31:30,811 --> 00:31:33,211 dawning is considered the second most 711 00:31:33,211 --> 00:31:35,891 important exercise. A 712 00:31:35,891 --> 00:31:38,091 dog in the dawn position should have the 713 00:31:38,091 --> 00:31:40,211 pelvic limbs under the body and the 714 00:31:40,211 --> 00:31:42,291 thoracic limbs straightened in front of 715 00:31:42,291 --> 00:31:44,651 the body. For hunting 716 00:31:44,651 --> 00:31:47,171 breeds we require the head to be on the 717 00:31:47,171 --> 00:31:49,051 ground between the four legs. 718 00:31:49,971 --> 00:31:52,531 For service breeds, the head should be 719 00:31:52,531 --> 00:31:55,491 up. The exercise is used to 720 00:31:55,491 --> 00:31:57,811 dampen unwanted dog activity. 721 00:31:58,771 --> 00:32:01,571 It is also an auxiliary exercise in more 722 00:32:01,571 --> 00:32:04,171 complex training of the 723 00:32:04,171 --> 00:32:07,011 acoustic commands. The command on or 724 00:32:07,011 --> 00:32:09,651 lie down, a long whistle or the 725 00:32:09,651 --> 00:32:12,011 utterance of a low whistle is used 726 00:32:12,931 --> 00:32:15,651 in a playful manner. We position the toy 727 00:32:15,651 --> 00:32:17,651 so that the dog assumes a lie down 728 00:32:17,651 --> 00:32:20,611 position. The playful form is 729 00:32:20,611 --> 00:32:23,292 very unreliable with working dogs. 730 00:32:24,292 --> 00:32:26,892 In the forced manner we hold the dog by 731 00:32:26,892 --> 00:32:28,932 the nape of the neck with the right hand 732 00:32:28,932 --> 00:32:31,332 and by the loins with the left hand after 733 00:32:31,332 --> 00:32:33,332 the command to bring the dog into the 734 00:32:33,332 --> 00:32:35,492 dawn position by pressure of the hands. 735 00:32:38,852 --> 00:32:41,732 On the command stay, the dog is to stay 736 00:32:41,732 --> 00:32:43,932 in that place until we take him away. 737 00:32:44,812 --> 00:32:46,972 We never recall a dog from a state 738 00:32:46,972 --> 00:32:49,892 command remotely. The stay or 739 00:32:49,892 --> 00:32:51,692 place command is used. 740 00:32:52,652 --> 00:32:55,132 This exercise is principally practised 741 00:32:55,132 --> 00:32:57,412 after the lie down exercise has been 742 00:32:57,412 --> 00:33:00,292 mastered with the dog initially 743 00:33:00,292 --> 00:33:02,892 tied and run out. It is 744 00:33:02,892 --> 00:33:05,732 advisable as long as the dog is slightly 745 00:33:05,732 --> 00:33:08,572 tired when laying down. We 746 00:33:08,572 --> 00:33:11,012 can leave the dog a rucksack or jacket 747 00:33:11,012 --> 00:33:13,172 where the dog can smell our scent. 748 00:33:14,202 --> 00:33:16,882 In a playful way, we try to convince the 749 00:33:16,882 --> 00:33:19,042 dog that he will get a toy after he has 750 00:33:19,042 --> 00:33:21,922 been still for a while. This is a 751 00:33:21,922 --> 00:33:24,722 very unreliable method with working dogs 752 00:33:24,722 --> 00:33:27,602 for potty training. It provides 753 00:33:27,602 --> 00:33:30,522 reduced reliability. In the 754 00:33:30,522 --> 00:33:32,962 forced method, we do not allow the dog to 755 00:33:32,962 --> 00:33:35,602 leave the place for this purpose. We use 756 00:33:35,602 --> 00:33:37,842 the lie down exercise whenever he would 757 00:33:37,842 --> 00:33:39,202 like to leave the place. 758 00:33:42,252 --> 00:33:44,772 This exercise is commonly used when 759 00:33:44,772 --> 00:33:47,172 working with dogs. It 760 00:33:47,172 --> 00:33:49,252 ensures that if we need to put the dog 761 00:33:49,252 --> 00:33:51,493 down, we leave it in a specific place and 762 00:33:51,493 --> 00:33:52,813 then come back for it. 763 00:33:55,873 --> 00:33:58,473 Dog obedience testing is carried out in 764 00:33:58,473 --> 00:34:01,153 many types of trials to test whether dogs 765 00:34:01,153 --> 00:34:03,673 are able to perform a given type of work. 766 00:34:04,593 --> 00:34:07,273 Obedience is evaluated by certified 767 00:34:07,273 --> 00:34:09,553 judges who are approved for the specific 768 00:34:09,553 --> 00:34:12,433 type of test. We consider 769 00:34:12,433 --> 00:34:14,713 the highest level of obedience testing to 770 00:34:14,713 --> 00:34:17,033 be sport synology, where judges 771 00:34:17,033 --> 00:34:19,553 evaluate every small deviation from the 772 00:34:19,553 --> 00:34:21,033 required performance. 773 00:34:21,953 --> 00:34:24,353 Obedience evaluation within Hunter 774 00:34:24,353 --> 00:34:26,593 synology is not so focused on 775 00:34:26,593 --> 00:34:29,063 accuracy, but rather on reliability. 776 00:34:30,193 --> 00:34:32,393 Obedience evaluation and service 777 00:34:32,393 --> 00:34:35,033 Synology is also mainly focused on 778 00:34:35,033 --> 00:34:37,913 reliability. Obedience 779 00:34:37,913 --> 00:34:40,633 is to some extent an innate trait, but it 780 00:34:40,633 --> 00:34:42,833 is greatly influenced by training. 781 00:34:45,863 --> 00:34:47,103 Thank you for attention.