Hello, let me introduce you in the
following lecture to the nomenclature of
dog breeds and the application of tests
in the use of dogs by man.
This lecture is part of Module 4
Precision Livestock Breeding, which is
part of the ISAGREED project.
This presentation was supported by an
Erasmus + KA2 Partnerships
for Cooperation grant. Innovating the
structure and content of study programmes
in the management of animal genetic and
food resources using digitization.
Domestication of the dog
The life paths of two animal species,
the proto human and the wolf crossed about
14,000 years ago.
To this day no one has fully explained
how this happened. The proto
human and the wolf were competing
species. As we know,
competing species don't have much love
for each other in nature. There are
only theories. Probably
these two species found that they could
complement each other in hunting game.
Man has been taking advantage of the
characteristics of dogs since time
immemorial. Wolves and later
dogs compared to man when hunting,
excelled in speed and the ability to
track game. Man, on the
other hand, was able to kill game more
quickly with primitive weapons.
The first use of dogs was for hunting
game where men used the original innate
qualities such as tracking. Searching,
trapping and holding game.
In the past, it was thought that the dog
had multiple ancestors besides the wolf,
such as coyotes and jackals.
Genetic analysis have confirmed that the
only ancestor of all dog breeds is a
single species and that is the wolf.
The hunting qualities of dogs are not
only used in actual hunting, but the
weakened hunting qualities are also used
in herding.
The environment in which man lived and
the type of prey haunted determined the
morphological and psychological
characteristics of prehistoric dogs.
The use of traits and instincts is always
closely related to the basic needs of
humans. For the first time in
history, man enters into the selection of
animal population genes in dogs.
He weeds out dominant and aggressive
individuals that do not respect man as
the leader of the pack. He begins to
trace character traits and influences the
next generation of dogs.
Over time, dogs begin to be used for
other activities besides hunting.
The use of dogs by different peoples in
different geographical and climatic
conditions and with different working or
social purposes has led to the emergence
of many breeds with different focuses of
their work.
In the course of evolution, the dog
becomes almost everything that man is.
It becomes a hunter and protector of
human habitation. It is
interesting that the dog that hunts game
becomes a protector of the herd and a
shepherd who merely drives away grazing
animals. It is used to pull
mainly sledges in the snow. It
is used in war expeditions.
It is also used for entertainment,
especially dog fights between each other,
but also with other species of animals.
Dog fights with bulls, bears, and other
species are popular to
this end. Even breed specific to bull
fighting such as the bull terrier are
being created. Since the
beginning of the domestication of this
species. The dog has been used as a
slaughter animal by some people
practically until today. Some
people have been using the dog for social
purposes since ancient times.
The second use of dogs by humans is
considered to be as a helper in
protecting herds and herding.
Herding behaviour in dogsis a modified
predatory behaviour.
Selective breeding of dogs has minimised
the natural tendency to regard livestock
as potential prey while retaining some of
the hunting qualities towards predators,
resulting in a very effective herding
dog. In the agrarian
sector, we mainly use the characteristics
of dogs for livestock. Which help us in
various working operations with the
animals replacing human
labour. This includes
herding, where we are talking about
herding dogs. Herd
guarding, where we are talking about
sheepdogs and herding,
where we use cattle dogs.
In all cases these are suppressed hunting
characteristics with an attempt to chase
animals in front of the Alfa individual.
Similar to wolf hunting, the
alpha individual is represented by the
human handler. The last
phase of the hunt, killing the prey, is
suppressed in these dogs.
Occasionally it appears in some
individuals it is
undesirable. The weaker
manifestation of this trait can be
suppressed by training. Such
individuals should not be used in
reproduction.
Hunting game in the Middle Ages without
dogs was unthinkable. People
then had guns that could hunt effectively
only within a few dozen metres.
Dogs were used to track game,
specifically tracking dogs.
They worked on a long tracking line.
They were able to concentrate on an old
game trail. If they tracked the
game to where it had escaped from, then a
pack of Durex would be released on the
warm trail of the game. The
Durex caught up with the game, holding it
until the hunters were able to get a hold
of it. Fighting dogs,
herding dogs and guard dogs were also
developed. Man is already
intervening in dog breeding. He
is beginning to breed desirablegenotypes.
The modern age is characterised by the
stabilisation of breeds.
The working use of dogs can be divided
into hunting dogs, dogs used in war
and dogs used in service,
dogs protecting the dwelling against
thieves, game and rodents.
Dogs are used for herding and herd
protection. Dogs used for the
entertainment of people are also bred
practically until the 20th century, dog
fights are popular. Hunting
uses of dogs are still popular today.
Since the beginning of the modern era,
the sporting use of dogs appears.
For betting dogs. It was field trials
which are still popular today.
Today we know many sporting uses of
dogs. Agility is very
popular. Sports synology is
also very popular today.
More and more dogs are establishing a
social status among people in which no
work is required of the dog, just playing
the role of a companion.
Many breeds used for work in the past are
losing their working qualities as society
becomes more interested in their exterior
characteristics.
Today, Synology is governed by the
world's top dog
breeding organisation, known asthe
FCI. Selected countries are either
Members or Associate. Members, may be
bound to the FCI by various treaties or
have no connection with the FCI.
The objectives of dog breeding worldwide
are in accordance with the rules and
legislation of each country.
These include encouraging and promoting
the breeding, registration and use of
purebred dogs with a pedigree
certificate, ensuring that their
functional health and physical
characteristics meet the standards set
for each respective breed,
enabling them to work and perform a
variety of functions in accordance with
the specific characteristics of their
breed. Protecting the use,
ownership and breeding of purebred dogs
with pedigree certificates in countries
where the association has a member or
contracting partner. Promoting the
nonprofit exchange of dogs and
information about synergy between members
and contracting partners, and initiating
the organisation of dog shows,
trials, tests, conferences.
Sporting and educational events. The use
of dogs in rescue operations and for
other special purposes such as therapy.
And other dog related activities
to promote and support synology and the
care of dogs throughout the world within
the jurisdiction of each member or
contractor and to the extent practicable,
for each member or contractor.
Maintaining the original working
characteristics of the breeds plays a
huge role nowadays, as in the last
period there has been a decline in the
working characteristics of many working
breeds and a preference mainly for their
exterior characteristics.
Almost 400 recognised dog breeds are
classified into 10 FCI groups. From the
organisational point of view,
the breeds are classified into groups
according to certain common
characteristics. Reassignment
of breeds between groups is possible but
exceptional, subject to a complex
process. The creation of new
breeds is also possible subject to
the new breed recognition procedure.
Breeding and recognition are carried out
first at the national level and later at
international level. The whole
process is strictly described.
One the group is hurting and cattle dogs,
with the exception of Swiss shepherd
dogs. Two the group are
pinchers and bear dyes, molysoid breeds,
Swiss mountain and shepherd dogs
. 3 The group of terriers
. 4 The group are dachshunds
. 5 The group are spits and primitive
or native dog breeds
. 6 The group ardourics,
dachshunds and related breeds.
Seven the group is builders
. 8 the group are Retrievers, Slayers,
water dogs. Nine
companion and Guide Dogs
. 10 greyhounds.
Sheepdogs and cattle dogs, except Swiss
cattle dogs, are dogs that have been bred
to protect the herd from wild animals,
protect the dwelling. They do not have a
fully developed hunting instinct.
The body structure is adapted to everyday
work. They are tenacious and Hardy,
adapted to adverse climatic conditions.
The coats of the little dogs have a
protective function. Water runs down them
well. They have a dense undercoat
and a thick layer of subcutaneous fat
which protects them against heat loss.
Service breeds are also included in this
group, which are characterised by
docility. Innate distrust of
strangers, diligence and excellent sense
of smell.
The second group are pinchers and
Schnauzer molasoid breeds and Swiss
mountain and cattle dog socks.
The canine breeds have been bred for dog
fighting By their body structure they are
adapted for fighting. They have a
wide stance of the forelegs and a well
muscled chest, Strong jaws with a strong
bite. They have a lymphatic
constitution with a lot of loose skin.
This group is divided into 3 sections.
Pinchers and bear dyes, moly swords and
Swiss mountain dogs.
The terrier group is quite a diverse
group. They are temperamental,
vocal, tenacious and independent.
Originally bred to hunt game. Mainly
foxes and Badgers underground in
dens. Breeds with a height at
Withers of up to 40 centimetres work in
dens. Others work on the surface
stocking and coursing game.
They are divided into smooth coated,
rough coated and long coated breeds.
Quite a large number of originally
hunting breeds have already lost their
hunting qualities. They find their
use as pet breeds. The
group has four sections, large and medium
sized terriers, small size
terriers, bull type terriers and toy
terriers.
Dachshunds are a fairly balanced group ch
aracterised by a long bodyshape with
A1 to 1.7 not desirto 1.8 ratio of h
eight at Withers to body length. The latter is caused by a genetic growth disorder
of long tubular bones called achondroplasia. An excessively long body frame with a ratio above one
to two is
able. The first records of d
achshund,
likedogs, date back to 5000 BC.
Unfortunately, nowadays there are also
opinions about a complete ban on the
breeding of dachshunds. The reason
for this is that it is promoting a
genetic anomaly.
Dachshunds, however, are one of the
relatively healthy and long lived dog
breeds. They were originally
bred to hunt foxes, Badgers but also
otters, Beavers and rabbits
underground. The country of
origin is thought to be Germany.
They are very courageous hunting dogs,
suitable for working above ground.
They have excellent tracking qualities,
searching volume on the warm trail of
game orientation, tracking and
tracking of game. According to the
type of hair, they are divided into short
haired dachshunds, coarse haired
dachshunds and long haired dachshunds.
Dachshunds are divided into 3
sizes. In the past, the
indicator was weight from 2019. It
is chest circumference. This is
measured at a minimum age of 15 months.
There is a precisely defined measuring
point according to the girth.
We divide them into standard dachshunds
with a chest girth of 37 to
47 centimetres for males and
35 to 45 centimetres for
females. Medium size
is miniature dachshunds with a chest
circumference in dogs from 32 to
37 centimetres and inches from
30 to 35 centimetres.
The smallest are rabid dachshunds with a
chest girth of 27 to
32 centimetres for males and 25
to 30 centimetres for females.
By combining the three coat types and
three sizes, we have 9 varieties of
dachshunds.
Within the 4th FCI group of Dachshunds,
we are talking about 9 varieties.
For hunting, mainly standard dachshunds
are used, miniature
dachshunds and rabid dachshunds. Races of
dachshunds find limited use in hunting.
Their tracking qualities may be an
advantage. The working use of the
rabbit and dwarf varieties in Badgers has
been in addition to fox hunting,
also Otter, Beaver and rabbit
hunting. Nowadays,
Dachshunds are popular breeds all over
the world, but they are only used for
hunting purposes in Europe.
Spits and primitive types are breeds
relatively little changed from the wolf's
wild ancestor. They bear a
striking resemblance to it in head, ears
and coat. Spits have a
square body frame, wedge shaped head,
small standing ears, dense undercoat,
a band of thicker fur around the neck.
The tail is curled and carried over the
back. From the working point of
view, a rather diverse group within which
there are hunting, traction and herding
dogs. This fifth
FCI group has seven sections.
It is divided into Nordic sledge dogs,
Nordic hunting dogs, Nordic watchdogs
and herders, European spits, Asian
spits and related breeds, primitive type
and primitive type hunting dogs.
Scent hounds were very much preferred
hunting dogs in the past.
Breeding was focused on finding game and
driving it out of the woods and thickets.
Important innate qualities in scent
hounds are courage in the face of game,
loudness on the warm trail of game,
orientation in the woods, tracking an
interest in game. Leash
hounds are dogs that excel in tracking
qualities. They can concentrate
on working out a trail that is often over
20 hours old. They are
specialists in tracking mainly deer but
also fallow deer and mouflon.
The group is divided into 3 sections, the
scent hounds, leash scent
hounds and the related breeds.
Pointers are relatively modern hunting
dogs. Man has
genetically fostered the trait of
displaying game whereby the can it,
after locating its prey, stands
motionless for a short time and waits for
the right moment to pounce on the prey
with a subsequent leap.
Man specialised the pointers to work with
small game. In some
countries they are also used to work with
big game. Pointers are
dogs that are typically used to
systematically search for small game in
the field. They work with a high
nose. They take in the sense
brought to them by the wind. They
have the genetic trait of exhibiting
game. If they see game in the
undergrowth, they expose it by standing
still. If the game is retreating or is
quite far away, they follow it by slowly
approaching. They maintain scent
contact with the game. Their
main work is in the field where they
excel at systematically searching the
undergrowth. But they also work well in
the water and in the woods. They
are also required to abort haunted game
up to the size of a fox. The
group has two sections, namely
Continental pointing dogs and British and
Irish Pointers and Setters originating
from the British and Irish Isles. Breeds
from the second section of the Pointers
are distinguished by their speed,
excellent sense of smell and display of
game. In the original country
they were mainly used for finding and
exhibiting game birds, the
so-called pre shot work.
Continental pointers excel more in post
shot work.
FCI Group 8 are breeds of dogs
originally bred in the past for hunting,
but many of them have lost their hunting
qualities completely and are used only as
companion dogs. Some of
these breeds, due to their
characteristics, find use as seeing eye
and assistance dogs.
Alternatively, they can also be used as
service dogs, either in the army or the
police. Sniffer dogs
were bred by hunters for persistent
pursuit of game in thickets.
They work with tremendous gusto at a
relatively short distance ahead of the
hunter. They also have excellent
tracking qualities. The group
has three sections and these are the
retrievers, which includes the very
popular Labrador retriever.
Second is flushing dogs and water dogs.
Group nine of the FCI, called companion
breeds, is a relatively diverse group.
Most breeds are miniature.
Many have been revered, bred in castles.
Castles Nahaks were bred
for allergy sufferers. They
find application only as companion
dogs. Many breeds of this
group were bred in the past for working
use. Society's interest in
their characteristic features caused a
complete loss of wool for work.
This group has up to 11 sections.
Group 10 of the FCI, called Sighthounds
is a fairly balanced group.
They are originally fast hunting dogs,
hunting by sight. They worked in
packs and haunted game. Their whole body
is adapted for fast running.
Many of the breeds in this group have
completely lost their hunting qualities.
They are used only as companion dogs or
in sporting use for greyhound racing.
The group has three sections, namely long
haired or fringed sighthounds, rough
haired sighthounds and short haired
sighthounds.
As with other farm animals, we use
different testing methods for dogs.
The tests are aimed at determining the dog
's character traits, the degree of
training achieved and the dog's
behavioural traits.
Willpower traits are quite complex in
terms of testing because many of them
need the correct procedure to awaken a
particular trait. For
example, with setters, we cannot count on
the dog immediately showing the game by
exposure at first contact with a
pheasant. However, showing
pheasants as a trait will awaken in the
Builder over time. There is
also a considerable influence of the
negative experience of having the
pheasant fly away on first contact with
the scent of a pheasant. We have
many similar cases of the awakening of
the trait in synology.
Within controlled synology, people have
developed many different tests for
specific kinds of work.
Perhaps the most striking is in hunting
synology. Where an individual can only
be used in hunting when he has passed the
tests for working with a particular
species of game. In all
sectors of cynology, there are well
developed testing regulations through
which dogs are tested. On the
basis of the testing, they are given an
assessment which reflects their character
traits, the degree of training they have
achieved and the degree of development of
their behavioural talent. The
result of the evaluation also greatly
influences their use in dog breeding.
The evaluation of the tests is done by
certified judges whose education is
methodically managed through the
individual member countries of the FCI.
Testing and use of dogs for work is
conditioned by obedience training.
Obedience training is almost the same in
all breeds. The training
mainly uses reflex theory or
associative learning.
Obedience training is composed of
exercises. Calling the dog,
sitting lying down, walking the dog
at the leg, whether pinned or loose.
It also consists of stay in place
exercises where the dog must remain still
in a specific place.
Reflexive theory uses knowledge and
commands and stimulations to create a
reflex arc. The formation
of reflex arcs is always carried out in a
precise sequence.
Command and stimulus can never be
confused in terms of time.
A command followed by a stimulus
produces the desired irritation in the
Organism with the subsequent desired
reaction of the Organism.
If the trainer is satisfied with the
result, he will give the dog a reward.
With correct repetition of the given
scheme, the desired conditioned reflex
arc is produced. The number
of repetitions to produce the basic
reflex arc depends on several factors,
for example, the nature of the
individual, the environment, training
maturity and others. We
can say that the greatest art of training
is to give the dog the right stimulation.
At the right moment.
Associative learning involves a learned
relationship between events, between
which connections are made that lead to
successful resolution of the situation.
The dog can associate a specific action
to a particular command. For
example, it can associate that the dog's
bottom should be near the ground to the
command sit. The
disadvantage of associative learning is
that it involves the dog's consciousness
in the process of performing the
exercise. Which still gives the dog the
opportunity to reevaluate whether it is
advantageous for him to perform a
particular action.
We know two basic ways of training a
dog. The playway uses the
dog's natural ability to play.
We consider play to be the gentlest
pressure on the dog. The trainer
motivates the dog to food or a toy.
The bottom line is to end the training
when the dog is still enjoying it. At
best, it should be stopped. We
must never get to the point where the dog
refuses to do an exercise anymore because
of fatigue. We need to find out
what will trigger the reaction and what
appropriate stimulus will trigger the
activity we want to teach. For
example, what will provoke a bark, a
sit, etcetera. This
form of training is mainly used with
puppies and young dogs.
The form is suitable for training
characteristically weak dogs.
The advantages are that we cannot spoil
the dog by improper training and the
contact between the handler and dog is
improved. Disadvantages
are mainly the unfixity of the reflex
arcs. The dog only works if he wants to
work. When the dog is not
interested in doing the exercise, we
cannot force him to do the desired
action. The opposite of the
playful way of training is the forced
way. The essence of this method
is to make the dog understand that he has
to perform the exercise and there is no
other option. This method
requires some prctise and a agood
knowledge of the individual's personality
traits. We have only limited
use with characteristically weak dogs.
The advantage is that it is possible to
train a dog at any age except up to six
months. The disadvantage is the
possible betrayal of the dog and the dog
loses trust towards the trainer.
Also a disadvantage is the disruption
of a good relationship between the
trainer and the dog. If not
handled properly, the dogs do not work.
Summoning is considered the most
important exercise. By
means of recall, we can greatly influence
the dog's action. After the
call, the dog should sit in front of the
handler at the leg or join the walk to
our left leg. We use
commands such as to me announcing the dog
by his name or, in the case of hunting
breeds, a double whistle. Without
the individual respecting us, we cannot
call him away from things of interest to
the dog. Through a playful form
of training in recall, we accomplish this
by waiting for a situation where the dog
is away from us, giving the command and
then running in the opposite direction
away from the dog. We achieve
this by having the dog run after us.
It is possible to use a reward food
IEA taste irritant method which makes the
resulting effect even more pronounced.
The forced form of training is
implemented in such a way that we
influence the individual by means of a
light cord. On command,
we mechanically pull the dog in front of
us. An electric training collar
can be used, but it is not the happiest
choice. Through the electric training
collar, we can use correction impulses
over a long distance.
The sit up is an exercise that will be
used in many situations. For example,
when giving in a port. The playful
form is to show the dog the toy above eye
level after the sit command so that the
most appropriate position for the dog is
where he is looking at the toy after the
sit. The forced form
consists in giving a stimulus after the
command, such as will ensure that the
individual is brought into the sit
position. Often the stimulus
is not pleasant to the dog. Resulting in
the formation of a tighter reflex arc.
One way of performing the stimulus is by
waving the lead obliquely upwards towards
the rear after the command. The
dog is uncomfortable with this, seeks a
position where the action stops until
eventually he sits down and the
uncomfortable flicking stops.
Another option is for the trainer to use
the stimulus of hand pressure.
He has the dog in a standing position.
We hold him by the collar with the left
hand and by the loins with the right.
On command, he presses the dog's hips
with his right hand so that he sits up.
The exercise of lying down or so-called
dawning is considered the second most
important exercise. A
dog in the dawn position should have the
pelvic limbs under the body and the
thoracic limbs straightened in front of
the body. For hunting
breeds we require the head to be on the
ground between the four legs.
For service breeds, the head should be
up. The exercise is used to
dampen unwanted dog activity.
It is also an auxiliary exercise in more
complex training of the
acoustic commands. The command on or
lie down, a long whistle or the
utterance of a low whistle is used
in a playful manner. We position the toy
so that the dog assumes a lie down
position. The playful form is
very unreliable with working dogs.
In the forced manner we hold the dog by
the nape of the neck with the right hand
and by the loins with the left hand after
the command to bring the dog into the
dawn position by pressure of the hands.
On the command stay, the dog is to stay
in that place until we take him away.
We never recall a dog from a state
command remotely. The stay or
place command is used.
This exercise is principally practised
after the lie down exercise has been
mastered with the dog initially
tied and run out. It is
advisable as long as the dog is slightly
tired when laying down. We
can leave the dog a rucksack or jacket
where the dog can smell our scent.
In a playful way, we try to convince the
dog that he will get a toy after he has
been still for a while. This is a
very unreliable method with working dogs
for potty training. It provides
reduced reliability. In the
forced method, we do not allow the dog to
leave the place for this purpose. We use
the lie down exercise whenever he would
like to leave the place.
This exercise is commonly used when
working with dogs. It
ensures that if we need to put the dog
down, we leave it in a specific place and
then come back for it.
Dog obedience testing is carried out in
many types of trials to test whether dogs
are able to perform a given type of work.
Obedience is evaluated by certified
judges who are approved for the specific
type of test. We consider
the highest level of obedience testing to
be sport synology, where judges
evaluate every small deviation from the
required performance.
Obedience evaluation within Hunter
synology is not so focused on
accuracy, but rather on reliability.
Obedience evaluation and service
Synology is also mainly focused on
reliability. Obedience
is to some extent an innate trait, but it
is greatly influenced by training.
Thank you for attention.